Table 4.
Familial TCCUT Literature Summary – Epidemiological Studies
| Article | Population Studied | Exposure Measured | Adjustments Made | Results | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CASE-CONTROL STUDIES | |||||
| Cartwright, 1979 | 1261 bladder cancer cases number of controls not stated | Bladder cancer in1st -or 2nd-degree relatives | Age, Sex | OR 1.3(CI not given) | No statistically significant difference.
Preliminary report, final results never published Number of controls not reported |
| Kantor, 1985 | 2900 bladder cancer cases 5684 controls | Cancer of the urinary tract in 1st-degree relatives | Race, Age, Sex, Smoking | RR 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.8) | Higher risk in persons younger than 45: RR 2.7 (95% CI 0.8–8.9)
Higher risk in women: RR 1.8(95% CI 1.1–2.7) Higher risk among heavy smokers 60+ cigarettes /day: RR 10.7 (95% CI 1.3–236.5) No excess with high-risk occupation RR 1.1 (95% CI 0.5–2.2) |
| Piper, 1986 | 173 bladder cancer cases (females ages 20–49) 173 controls | Bladder or kidney cancer in 1st-degree relatives | Age, Sex, Residence within an area code | OR 4.0 (95% CI 0.4–195.0) | Six cases and five controls had missing values for family history |
| Kramer, 1991 | 319 bladder cancer cases (all males) 319 controls | Bladder cancer in 1st- degree relatives | Age, Sex, Socioeconomic status, Smoking | RR 1.9 (90% CI 1.1–2.7) | For relatives who smoked RR 2.1 (90% CI 0.8–3.4)
For nonsmoking relatives RR 1.8(90% CI 0.7–2.9) Proportional hazards regression considering age, sex, and smoking status of the proband agreed with these results, but values were not reported |
| Kunze, 1992 | 531 male, 144 female lower urinary tract cancer cases matched pair controls | Bladder cancer in1st-degree relatives | Age, Sex, Smoking | Male probands OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.2–4.7) Female probands OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.7–3.9) | ---- |
| Aben, 2002 | 1,193 TCCUT cases 853 non-bloodline family member controls | TCCUT in 1st-degree relatives | Age, Sex, Smoking | HR 1.8 (95% CI 1.3 – 2.7) | Higher risk in females HR 3.7 (95% CI 1.3–10.6)d
Higher risk in nonsmokers HR 4.2 (95% CI 1.4–12.7) Higher risk in relatives of probands <= 60 HR 2.5 (95% CI 2.0–4.0 |
| Lin, 2006 | 713 bladder cancer cases 658 controls | Bladder cancer in 1st- degree relatives | Age, Sex, Ethnicity | OR 1.4 (95% CI, 0.7–2.6) Proband is smoker OR 2.3 (95% CI 1–5.5) | Study is still ongoing, complete matching of cases and controls has not been achieved for age, sex, and ethnicity.
Approximately 73.2% of cases were ever smokers, 52.4% of controls were ever smokers, and cases reported significantly greater pack-years of smoking than controls, 41.5 vs. 27.4, p<.01 |
| Randi, 2007 | 727 bladder cancer cases 1,067 controls | Bladder cancer in parents and siblings | Age, Sex, Region, Education, Body Mass Index, Smoking, Alcohol consumption, Number of siblings | OR 6.1 (95% CI 2.3–16.6) | Higher risk in cases younger than 65: OR 7.6 (95% CI 2.2–26.4)
Higher risk in cases who smoke: OR 10.7 (95% CI 2.4–48.9) Higher risk when parent affected: OR 6.4 (95% CI 1.8–22.3) |
| Murta- Nascimento, 2007 | 1,158 bladder cancer cases 1,244 controls | Bladder cancer in 1st degree relatives | Age, Sex, Region, Smoking | OR 2.3 (95% CI 1.0–5.8) | Higher risk in cases with NAT2 slow acetylator genotype
OR 4.8 (95% CI 1.3–18.1) Higher risk in cases with GSTM1-present genotype OR 4.2 (95% CI 1.3–14.1) |
| COHORT STUDIES | |||||
| Lynch, 1987 | 49 cases of bladder cancer | Bladder cancer in relatives | Sex, smoking status | RR 1.6 (CI not given) | ----- |
| Goldgar, 1994 | 1,452 cases of bladder cancer | Bladder cancer in1st -degree relatives | ----- | RR 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.2) | Probands less than 60 RR 5.1 (95% CI 1.0–12.5) |
| Kiemeney, 1997 | 190 cases of TCCUT (145 male/45 female) | TCCUT in1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-degree relatives | ----- | O/E 1.2 (95% CI 0.9–1.7) | Among male relatives O/E 1.4 (95% CI 0.95–1.88)
Among female relatives O/E 0.9 (95% CI 0.39–1.78) |
| Plna, 2001 | 27,000 cases of bladder cancer | Bladder cancer according to parental or sibling bladder cancer | ----- | Offspring risk SIR 1.6 (95% CI 1.2–2.0) Sibling risk SIR 3.0 (95% CI 1.4–5.1) | Offspring risk higher in daughters SIR 2.29 (95% CI 1.5–3.3) than sons SIR 1.4 (95%CI 1.0–1.8)
Highest familial risk in brothers of bladder cancer cases diagnosed before age 45 SIR 7.26 (95% CI2.61–14.24) |
? = not reported; CI=Confidence Interval; OR=Odds Ratio; RR=Relative Risk; SIR=Standard Incidence Ratio; HR=Hazards Ratio; O/E=Observed to Expected