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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):569–586. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.011

Table 2.

Biofeedback Therapy for Constipation - Iowa Protocol

  • Phase I: Evaluation/Enrollment

    • Interview, Stool Diary

    • Tests of anorectal and colonic function

    • Symptom Assessment (VAS)

    • Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises

    • Laxatives, Timed-Toilet Training

  • Phase II: Active Phase of Biofeedback Therapy

    • Visual/Auditory/Verbal Feedback Techniques – bi weekly for 6 Sessions

    • Duration of each session- 60 Min.

    • Home Devices

  • Phase III: Reinforcement

    • At 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 Months