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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):569–586. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.011
Type 1: Here, the patient can generate an adequate pushing force, (rise in intra abdominal pressure) along with a paradoxical increase in anal sphincter pressure (Fig. 2).
Type 2: Here, the patient is unable to generate an adequate pushing force (no increase in intrarectal pressure) but can exhibit a paradoxical anal contraction (Fig. 2).
Type 3: Here, the patient can generate an adequate pushing force (increase in intrarectal pressure) but, either has absent or incomplete (<20%) sphincter relaxation (i.e. no decrease in anal sphincter pressure) (Fig. 2).
Type 4: The patient is unable to generate an adequate pushing force and demonstrates an absent or incomplete anal sphincter relaxation (Fig. 2).