Table 2.
Comparison of characteristics at study entry by insomnia category
|
WHI-IRS < 9 (N=1607) |
WHI-IRS > 9 (N = 1039) |
p-Valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer-specific variables | ||||
| Treatment | Surgery+radiation | 319 (20%) | 199 (19%) | 0.947 |
| Surgery+chemo | 439 (27%) | 281 (27%) | ||
| Surgery+both | 669 (42%) | 444 (43%) | ||
| Surgery only | 180 (11%) | 115 (11%) | ||
| Tamoxifen use | Current | 958 (60%) | 631 (61%) | 0.501 |
| Former | 111 (7%) | 80 (8%) | ||
| Never | 538 (34%) | 328 (32%) | ||
| Cancer stage | I (≥ 1 cm) | 623 (39%) | 410 (40%) | 0.818 |
| II | 905 (56%) | 583 (56%) | ||
| IIIA | 79 (5%) | 46 (4%) | ||
| Time since diagnosis (years) | < 1 | 369 (23%) | 246 (24%) | 0.053 |
| 1−1.9 | 484 (30%) | 352 (34%) | ||
| 2−2.9 | 401 (25%) | 253 (24%) | ||
| 3−4 | 353 (22%) | 188 (18%) | ||
| Personal characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | < 50 | 586 (37%) | 385 (37%) | 0.241 |
| 50−59.9 | 616 (38%) | 421 (41%) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 405 (25%) | 233 (22%) | ||
| Married | Yes | 1129 (70%) | 745 (72%) | 0.423 |
| No | 478 (30%) | 294 (28%) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | White, non-Hispanic | 1374 (86%) | 885 (85%) | 0.740 |
| Hispanic | 77 (5%) | 62 (6%) | ||
| African-American, non-Hispanic | 61 (4%) | 37 (4%) | ||
| Asian | 51 (3%) | 30 (3%) | ||
| Pacific Islander | 14 (0.9%) | 6 (0.6%) | ||
| American Indian | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | ||
| Mixed Race | 17(1%) | 12 (1%) | ||
| Other | 2 (0.7%) | 5 (0.5%) | ||
| Education | ≤ High school diploma | 176 (11%) | 147 (1 4%) | 0.007 |
| Post-high school | 532 (33%) | 368 (35%) | ||
| College degree | 497 (31%) | 267 (26%) | ||
| Post-graduate | 402 (25%) | 257 (25%) | ||
| Body mass index (weight in kg/height in meters2) | ≤ 24.9 | 682 (42%) | 416 (40%) | 0.161 |
| 25−29.9 | 516 (32%) | 324 (31%) | ||
| 530 | 409 (26%) | 299 (29%) | ||
| Health behaviors | ||||
| Physical activity (average metabolic equivalents/week) | <300 | 430 (27%) | 344 (33%) | 0.001 |
| 300−999.9 | 577 (36%) | 366 (35%) | ||
| ≥ 1000 | 600 (37%) | 329 (32%) | ||
| Alcohol intake (average grams/day) | 0 | 264 (16%) | 159 (15%) | 0.842 |
| (14g = 1 drink) | 0.01−14 | 1136 (71%) | 751 (72%) | |
| 14.1−28 | 143 (9%) | 89 (9%) | ||
| > 28 | 64 (4%) | 40 (4%) | ||
| Current smoking | No | 1534 (96%) | 993 (96%) | 0.889 |
| Yes | 73 (5%) | 46 (4%) | ||
| Number of National Cancer Institute dietary guidelines metb | 0 or 1 | 572 (36%) | 418 (40%) | 0.051 |
| 2 | 495 (31%) | 303 (29%) | ||
| 3 | 540 (34%) | 318 (31%) | ||
| Physical health/symptoms | ||||
| Overall physical health | RAND36 Physical Health | 78.95 | 69.90 | < 0.001 |
| Physical symptomsc | Pain symptoms factor | 0.73 | 0.99 | < 0.001 |
| Vasomotor symptoms factor | 0.86 | 1.33 | < 0.001 | |
| Genitourinary symptoms factor | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.002 | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms factor | 0.23 | 0.37 | < 0.001 | |
| Psychosocial functioning | ||||
| Social support | MOS total social supportd | 38.44 | 37.00 | < 0.001 |
| Social strain | Social strain scale | 6.61 | 7.38 | < 0.001 |
| Optimism | Life Orientation Test | 18.04 | 16.99 | < 0.001 |
| Emotional expressiveness | Negative emotional expressiveness (NEE) scale | 2.91 | 2.90 | 0.657 |
| Ambivalence over NEE | 2.88 | 3.07 | < 0.001 | |
| Hostility | Cook-Medley Cynicism/hostility | 2.79 | 3.25 | < 0.001 |
| Life events | 1.69 | 2.04 | < 0.001 | |
| Energy/Fatique | RAND36 Energy/Fatique | 63.06 | 52.56 | < 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression short form | 0.03 | 0.09 | < 0.001 |
a
X2for categorical variables; t-tests for continuous variables.
b
1 point each for ≤30% of energy from fat, ≥20 g/day fiber, ≥5 servings/day fruit/vegetables (all daily).
c
Based on factor analysis of 34-item symptom checklist.
d
MOS, Medical Outcomes Study.