Table 3.
Adjusted mean urine biomarkers for quartiles of plasma and dietary intake levels of carotenoids
| 1st quartile (lowest) |
2nd quartile |
3rd quartile |
4th quartile (highest) |
P* | P for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | ||||
| Plasma (n = 192) | |||||||
| 8-OHdG (ng)† | β-Carotene | 12.2 ± 1.3 | 11.7 ± 1.3 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| α-Carotene | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 9.0 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 11.6 ± 1.3 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 0.229 | 0.041 | |
| Lycopene | 11.1 ± 1.4 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 1.3 | 0.279 | 0.053‡ | |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 10.4 ± 1.4 | 9.4 ± 1.3 | 10.0 ± 1.4 | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 0.551 | 0.237 | |
| Total | 12.3 ± 1.4 | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 8-iso PGFα (pg)† | β-Carotene | 1,899.3 ± 128.3 | 1,980.6 ± 122.3 | 1,906.4 ± 119.0 | 1,539.7 ± 128.9 | 0.072 | 0.066 |
| α-Carotene | 1,977.9 ± 122.6 | 1,834.2 ± 121.3 | 1,853.7 ± 119.2 | 1,663.4 ± 128.1 | 0.393 | 0.115 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 1,825.5 ± 125.1 | 1,775.3 ± 123.4 | 1,878.1 ± 119.8 | 1,859.6 ± 127.7 | 0.941 | 0.728 | |
| Lycopene | 2,004.4 ± 127.8 | 1,862.4 ± 120.0 | 1,621.5 ± 121.7 | 1,854.5 ± 121.2 | 0.197 | 0.231 | |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 1,840.4 ± 130.9 | 1,938.1 ± 121.6 | 1,933.8 ± 121.8 | 1,629.6 ± 126.2 | 0.254 | 0.103‡ | |
| Total | 2,038.2 ± 129.3 | 1,785.0 ± 121.3 | 1,921.2 ± 120.3 | 1,578.3 ± 130.7 | 0.088 | 0.051 | |
| Dietary intake, μg (n = 200) | |||||||
| 8-OHdG (ng)† | β-Carotene | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 0.825 | 0.384 |
| α-Carotene | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 0.265 | 0.039 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 8.7 ± 1.2 | 9.2 ± 1.2 | 0.324 | 0.350 | |
| Lycopene | 8.5 ± 1.3 | 8.5 ± 1.3 | 12.3 ± 1.2 | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 0.054 | 0.559 | |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 11.8 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 9.0 ± 1.3 | 0.088 | 0.244 | |
| Total | 9.5 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 10.6 ± 1.2 | 8.4 ± 1.3 | 0.618 | 0.731 | |
| 8-iso PGFa (pg)† | β-Carotene | 1,872.7 ± 119.7 | 1,812.1 ± 120.3 | 1,965.6 ± 118.7 | 1,698.4 ± 121.1 | 0.460 | 0.436 |
| α-Carotene | 1,949.4 ± 119.4 | 1,832.2 ± 120.4 | 1,908.0 ± 118.3 | 1,662.2 ± 120.6 | 0.345 | 0.212 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 1,729.6 ± 121.4 | 1,843.4 ± 120.9 | 1,840.1 ± 117.8 | 1,938.8 ± 119.4 | 0.687 | 0.533 | |
| Lycopene | 1,791.0 ± 124.1 | 1,777.6 ± 121.3 | 1,863.3 ± 118.5 | 1,918.2 ± 124.8 | 0.858 | 0.690 | |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 1,875.0 ± 122.1 | 1,831.8 ± 119.3 | 1,796.5 ± 118.3 | 1,850.1 ± 122.2 | 0.973 | 0.840 | |
| Total | 1,844.9 ± 120.4 | 1,711.4 ± 118.9 | 2,063.1 ± 116.8 | 1,728.0 ± 122.2 | 0.128 | 0.783 | |
NOTE: For age, BMI, and plasma or dietary cholesterol, and for plasma carotenoids and 8-iso PGFα, physical activity additionally.
*
Overall value for analysis of covariance.
†
Urine biomarker (/mg creatinine).
‡
Quadratic trend.