TABLE 4.

Changes in energy density, total energy intake, physical activity, and body weight over the study follow-up period: The Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study^a

			Change
Factor	Group	Baseline (Mean ± SEM)	Yr 1 - Baseline (Mean ± SEM)	Yr 4 - Baseline (Mean ± SEM)
Energy density (food only)	Control	1.49 ± 0.01	−0.03 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01
	Intervention	1.48 ± 0.01	−0.35 ± 0.01**	−0.22 ± 0.01**
Total plasma carotenoids (μmol/l)	Control	2.47 ± 0.04	−0.07 ± 0.03	−0.10 ± 0.04
	Intervention	2.40 ± 0.03	1.59 ± 0.05**	0.94 ± 0.06**
Energy intake (kcalb /day)	Control	1,718 ± 11.2	−121 ± 10.7	−152 ± 12.2
	Intervention	1,713 ± 10.9	−115 ± 11.5	−172 ± 16.6
Physical activity (METs/week)c	Control	901 ± 24.6	51.2 ± 21.5	24.6 ± 24.5
	Intervention	854 ± 24.3	78.2 ± 21.2	72.2 ± 26.8*
Body weight (kg)	Control	73.3 ± 0.5	0.71 ± 0.11	1.43 ± 0.20
	Intervention	73.3 ± 0.5	−0.05 ± 0.12**	1.77 ± 0.23

^aMixed effect models were used to examine difference of change between groups from baseline.

^*P<0.05

^**P<0.0001: computed for testing Group × Time interaction for each variable. Abbreviations are as follows: SEM, standard error of the mean; METs, metabolic equivalent tasks.

^b1 kcal = 4.18 kJ.

^cSum of METs assigned as 2 METs/min of casual strolling, 3 METs/min of mild activity or average walking, 4 METs/min of fast walking, 5 METs/min of moderate activity, 6 METs/min of very fast walking, 8 METs/min of strenuous activity.