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. 2008 Aug 11;105(33):11812–11817. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804056105

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© 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA

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Fig. 2. — Sex-specific scales on forewings and mesothoraxes. (A) Drawing of a male moth showing the positions of sex-specific scales (indicated by arrowheads) on the right of the notum (dorsal plate of mesothorax) and basal part of the right forewing. The left tegula (indicated by an asterisk) is shown intact, but the right tegula is removed to show the male-specific scales. (Scale bar: 2 mm.) (B) Photograph showing areas bearing the male-specific scales (indicated by a dotted box in A). Left and right arrowheads indicate the male-specific scales on the mesothorax and forewing, respectively. (Scale bar: 1 mm.) (C) Scanning electron micrograph of the right mesothorax of a male with the sex-specific scales (a) and ordinary scales (b). (D) The female mesothorax with scales corresponding to the male-specific scales (c) and ordinary scales (d). (E) The right forewing of a male with the sex-specific scales (e) and ordinary scales (f). A scaleless area is found adjacent to the sound scales. (F) The female forewing with scales corresponding to the male-specific scales (g) and ordinary scales (h). (Scale bars: C–F, 200 μm.) (G) Surface ultrastructure of individual scales: a, male-specific mesothoracic scale; c, female mesothoracic scale; e, male-specific forewing scale; g, female forewing scale. (Scale bar: 2 μm.) (H–K) Morphology of ridges on the male-specific scales and ordinary scales. Box-and-whisker plots show the median, lower and upper quartiles, and adjacent values within 1.5 × interquartile ranges from the quartiles. (H) The interridge distance is significantly shorter in the mesothoracic sound scale a than in ordinary scales b (t = 4.65, P < 0.001), c (t = 5.32, P < 0.001), and d (t = 5.08, P < 0.001) (Dunnett's test, n = 5). (I) The ridge is significantly thicker in scale a than in scale b (t = 8.79, P < 0.0001), c (t = 8.24, P < 0.0001), and d (t = 4.97, P < 0.001) (n = 5). (J) The interridge distance is significantly shorter in the forewing male-specific scale e than in ordinary scales f (t = 3.71, P < 0.01), g (t = 3.06, P < 0.05), and h (t = 4.11, P < 0.01) (n = 5). (K) The ridge is significantly thicker in scale e than scales f (t = 11.00, P < 0.0001), g (t = 8.30, P < 0.0001), and h (t = 10.70, P < 0.0001) (n = 5).