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. 2008 Oct 20;105(43):16636–16640. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807223105

Table 2.

Summary of flight data

P. rapae
L. dispar
Intact De-winged Intact De-winged
Speed in m/s 2.37 ± 0.436 (N = 41) 1.77 ± 0.363 (N = 41) 1.57 ± 0.418 (N = 16) 1.22 ± 0.331 (N = 11)
Acceleration in m/s2 8.48 ± 2.08 (N = 41) 6.19 ± 1.34 (N = 41) 8.94 ± 2.42 (N = 16) 5.09 ± 1.13 (N = 11)
Normal acceleration in m/s2 7.64 ± 2.08 (N = 41) 5.39 ± 1.32 (N = 41) 8.46 ± 2.49 (N = 16) 4.62 ± 1.22 (N = 11)
Normal acceleration in the horizontal plane in m/s2 5.18 ± 1.86 (N = 41) 3.54 ± 1.23 (N = 41) 5.34 ± 2.17 (N = 16) 3.10 ± 1.05 (N = 11)
Radius of curvature in m 1.17 ± 1.58 (N = 41) 0.986 ± 1.51 (N = 41) 0.428 ± 1.76 (N = 16) 0.481 ± 1.47 (N = 11)
Wingbeat frequency in Hz 11.8 ± 2.13 (N = 10) 13.2 ± 1.16 (N = 10) 26.8 ± 2.23 (N = 11) 29.6 ± 1.57 (N = 10)

Entries give mean ± SD, with sample size in parentheses. Differences between intact and de-winged condition, in the two species, are significant (P < 0.05) for all parameters, except for the three comparisons highlighted by bold type. Values pertaining to radius of curvature assume log-normal data.