Table 2.
Odds Ratios of Current Smoking by Smoking Status Before Basic Training
| Variable | Previous Nonsmokers Nonsmoker vs. Initiator
|
Previous Smokers Re-Initiator vs. Quitter
|
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years, continuous) | 0.98 (0.90–1.05) | 0.94 (0.86–1.01) |
| Gender | ||
| Male (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Others (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic whites | 1.57*(1.00–2.44) | 0.95 (0.62–1.45) |
| Education level | ||
| High School, GED, vocational (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college, college degree | 0.48 (0.86–5.12) | 0.88 (0.41–1.90) |
| Length of time in technical training | ||
| Under the enforced ban (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not under the enforced ban | 3.27* (2.16–4.93) | 6.22* (4.37–8.85) |
| Family history of smoking | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.28 (0.92–1.79) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) |
| Pre-military alcohol use | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.89* (1.35–2.65) | 2.48* (1.74–3.54) |
| Symptoms of depression | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.31 (0.92–2.28) | 1.78* (1.14–2.76) |
| Religious influence | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 1.13 (0.82–1.57) |
|
| ||
| Perceived peer (classmates) norms | ||
| ≤ 50% have not smoked (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 50% had smoked | 1.67* (1.05–2.67) | 1.63* (1.03–2.58) |
| Roommate influence1 | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.67* (1.09–2.56) | 1.51 (0.84–2.71) |
| Role model influence2 | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.69* (1.12–2.56) | 1.95* (1.29–2.94) |
| Perceived permanent party norms | ||
| ≤ 50% do not smoke regularly (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 50% do smoke regularly | 1.10 (0.72–1.69) | 1.05 (0.67–1.64) |
*
p < .05.
Note: Odds ratios have been adjusted for all variables included in this table.
CI, confidence interval; GED, general equivalency degree; OR, odds ratio.
1
Respondents indicated that their roommate smokes.
2
Respondents indicated that some of their military training leaders and/or classroom instructors use tobacco products.