Table II. Patients characteristics of severe post pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage (PPH).
| (n) | (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Severe PPHa | 14/458 | 3.1 | |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Mean age (range) | 56±7 (43–69) | ||
| Gender (male/female) | 9/5 | ||
| Pathology of index operation | |||
| Periampullary cancer | 9 | 64 | |
| Pancreatic head cancer | 5 | 36 | |
| Time of onset | |||
| Early (<24 hours) | 5 | 36 | |
| Late (>24 hours) | 9 | 64 | |
| Location | |||
| Extraluminal PPH | 8 | 57 | |
| Intraluminal PPH | 6 | 43 | |
| Pancreatic leak | 8 | 57 | |
| No. of patients with sepsis | 3 | 21 | |
| Sentinel bleeding before PPH | 8 | 57 | |
aSevere PPH was defined as a major bleed from the drains and or the gastrointestinal tract requiring transfusion of at least 4U of packed cells within 24 hours, a decrease in haemoglobin level by 3 g/dl or more or need for invasive treatment.