Fig. 4.

Histogram showing means (±SE) across the 4 individual goats for changes in shoulder angle (A), elbow angle (B), elbow moment (C), and elbow joint work (D). Values for the 3 patterns of limb use (lead and lag limb of up jumps and landing from down jumps) are shown for phases of elbow flexion and extension, and net values over the duration of stance. *Significant difference among jump types in Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc tests with a starting α of 0.05. Differences in limb function resulted in significant differences among kinematic and dynamic parameters, particularly elbow work, which differed significantly over all phases for the 3 categories of forelimb usage.