Table 1.

Summary of the alterations in arterial-ventricular coupling and its components with age, hypertension, and heart failure at rest and during exercise

	At Rest					At Peak Exercise					Reserve
		EA/ELV	EA	ELV	EA/ELV	EA	ELV	EA/ELV	EA	ELV
Old vs. young
Men	↔	↑	↑	↑	↔	⇊	↓	↔	↓
Women	↓	↑	⇈	↑	↑	↓	↓	↔	↓
HTN vs. NT
Men	↔	↑	↑	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔
Women	↓	↑	⇈	↔	↔	↔	↓	↓	↔
SHF vs. healthy controls
Men and Women	↑	↑	⇊	↑	⇊	⇊	⇊	⇊	⇊
HFpEF vs. healthy controls
Men and Women	↔	↑	↑	?	?	⇊	?	?	⇊

Arrows indicate directionality of the comparison. E_A, effective arterial elastance; E_LV, LV end-systolic elastance; E_A/E_LV, arterial-ventricular coupling; HTN, hypertensive; NT, normotensive; SHF, systolic heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction.