TABLE 1.
Summary of the 755 C. diphtheriae isolates analyzed by ribotyping
| Country | No. of isolates | Yr of isolation | Biotype(s) (toxigenicitya) | Ribotype(s) (no. of isolates)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armeniac | 19 | 1999 | Gravis (18 tox+), mitis (1 tox+) | D1 (11), D4 (7), D7 (1) |
| Australia | 32 | 1992-1995 | Gravis (17 tox−), mitis (1 tox+, 2 tox−) | D9 (18), D15 (1), D46 (1), D47 (1), D48 (2), D49 (1), D50 (1), D51 (3), D52 (1), D56 (2), D57 (1) |
| Belarusc | 79 | 1996-2000 | Gravis (48 tox+, 12 tox−), mitis (16 tox+, 3 tox−) | D1 (13), D4 (26), D5 (1), D6 (2), D7 (7), D10 (25), D15 (1), D19 (2), D30 (1), D40 (1) |
| Denmark | 1 | Mitis (tox+) | D74 (1) | |
| Dominican Republic | 3 | 1995 | Mitis (3 tox+) | D71 (2), D72 (1) |
| Estoniad | 26 | 1993-1995 | Gravis (13 tox+, 11 tox −), mitis (1 tox+, 1 tox −) | D1 (12), D4 (10), D5 (1), D7 (1), D10 (2) |
| Finlandd | 6 | 1993-1995 | Gravis (4 tox+), mitis (1 tox+, 1 tox−) | D1 (4), D10 (2) |
| France | 1 | 1993 | Mitis (tox−) | D46 (1) |
| Germany | 24 | 1993-1994 | Gravis (4 tox+, 9 tox−), mitis (3 tox+, 9 tox−), belfanti (3 tox−) | D1 (3), D4 (1), D11 (8), D13 (1), D14 (3), D15 (3), D16 (1), D17 (1), D18 (1), D26 (2) |
| Italy | 6 | 1994-1996 | Gravis (1 tox+, 4 tox−), mitis (1tox+) | D11 (4), D45 (1), D73 (1) |
| Kazakhstanc | 43 | 1995-1997 | Gravis (39 tox+), mitis (5 tox+) | D1 (7), D4 (32), D7 (4) |
| Kenya | 1 | 1998 | Mitis (1 tox+) | D62 (1) |
| Kyrghyzstanc | 4 | 1993-1995 | Gravis (1 tox+), mitis (1 tox−) | D1 (1), D7 (3) |
| Latviac | 115 | 1999-2000 | Gravis (105 tox+, 1 tox−), mitis (7 tox+, 2 tox−) | D1 (50), D4 (61), D10 (4) |
| Poland | 1 | 1994 | Intermedius (tox+) | D54 (1) |
| Romania | 17 | 1994 | Gravis (2 tox+, 6 tox−), mitis (5 tox+, 1 tox−), belfanti (1 tox−), intermedius (1 tox−) | D11 (6), D20 (1), D21 (6), D22 (1), D23 (1), D24 (1), D25 (1) |
| Ruanda | 2 | 1994 | Mitis (tox−) | D54 (1), D55 (1) |
| Russiac | 218 | 1966, 1993-95 | Gravis (148 tox+, 7 tox−), mitis (63 tox+, 8 tox−) | D1 (81), D2 (1), D3 (2), D4 (56), D5 (1), D6 (3), D7 (56), D8 (1), D9 (3), D10 (11), D11 (2), D12 (1) |
| Swedene | 13 | 1994 | Gravis (2 tox−), mitis (6 tox+, 3tox−), belfanti (2 tox−) | D4 (1), D11 (1), D17 (1), D22 (1), D26 (6), D27 (1), D28 (1), D29 (1) |
| Thailandf | 31 | 1994-1996 | Gravis (1 tox−), mitis (27 tox+, 3 tox+) | D19 (1), D34 (13), D63 (2), D64 (6), D65 (2), D66 (3), D67 (1), D68 (1), D69 (1), D70 (1) |
| Turkmenistanc | 25 | 1995 | Gravis (17 tox+, 4 tox−), mitis (3 tox+, 1 tox−) | D1 (2), D4 (18), D7 (3), D10 (2) |
| United Kingdomg | 22 | 1985-1998 | Gravis (3 tox+), mitis (17 tox+, 2 tox−) | D1 (1), D7 (1) D30 (1), D31 (1), D32 (2), D33 (1), D34 (1), D35 (1), D36 (1), D37 (1), D38 (1), D39 (1), D40 (4), D41 (1), D42 (2), D43 (1), D44 (1) |
| Ukrainec | 19 | 1999 | Gravis (19 tox+) | D1 (19) |
| Uzbekistanc | 11 | 1995 | Gravis (3 tox+, 2 tox−), mitis (6 tox+) | D1 (3), D7 (1), D10 (2), D15 (1), D19 (4) |
| United Statesh | 23 | 1972-82, 1995 | Gravis (8 tox+, 3 tox−), mitis (6 tox−), intermedius (2 tox+, 3 tox−) | D4 (1), D13 (3), D50 (3), D57 (5), D58 (8), D59 (3) |
| Vietnam | 13 | 1995 | Mitis (13 tox+) | D9 (1), D60 (3), D61 (9) |
a
The numbers of isolate that are toxin positive (tox+) and toxin negative (tox−) are given in parentheses.
b
International designations for some of the predominant ribotypes are as follows: D1, Sankt Petersburg; D7, Otchakov; D11, Vladimir; D4, Rossija; D10, Cluj.
c
The majority of the isolates are from the epidemic which began in the Russian Federation in 1990.
d
Imported cases of diphtheria from the NIS.
e
Isolates from the Scandinavian outbreak, which occurred in the mid-1980s.
f
Isolates from the outbreak in Thailand in 1994.
g
The majority of the isolates are from imported cases of diphtheria from Asia, Africa, and the Far East.
h
Isolates from the outbreak in Seattle, WA (1971 to 1982).