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Results of fed-batch process using E. coli strains with and without 5 mM betaine at a growth rate of 0.15 h−1. OD (at 600 nm): ○, ALS929 with betaine; ▵, ALS929 without betaine; □, ALS1059 with betaine. Pyruvate: •, ALS929 with betaine; ▴, ALS929 without betaine; ▪, ALS1059 with betaine. L, liter.
