Table 1.
Characteristics of atrial fibrillation cases and controls
| Cases | Controls | p -value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics a | n = 433 | n = 889 | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 72 (9) | 67 (10) | § |
| Female (%) | 232 (53.6) | 380 (42.7) | § |
| White race (%) | 400 (93.0) | 769 (87.4) | < 0.01 |
| Duration of GH enrollment, mean (SD), y | 22 (12) | 20 (12) | 0.08 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 31 (8) | 30 (6) | 0.36 |
| Alcohol (%) | 0.10 | ||
| Never or former | 180 (42.9) | 319 (37.6) | |
| Occasional | 179 (42.6) | 414 (48.9) | |
| Heavy | 61 (14.5) | 114 (13.5) | |
| Smoking (%) | 0.22 | ||
| Never or former | 403 (93.1) | 810 (91.1) | |
| Current | 30 (6.9) | 79 (8.9) | |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | < 0.01 | ||
| Stage 1 (normal) ≥ 90 | 119 (27.6) | 355 (40.2) | |
| Stage 2 (mild reduction) 60-89 | 165 (38.4) | 319 (36.2) | |
| Stage 3 (moderate reduction) 30-59 | 127 (29.5) | 191 (21.7) | |
| Stage 4 (severe reduction) 15-29 | 9 (2.1) | 12 (1.4) | |
| Stage 5 (kidney failure) <15 | 10 (2.3) | 5 (0.6) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 79 (18.2) | 132 (14.9) | 0.11 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 44 (10.2) | 68 (7.7) | 0.12 |
| Stroke (%) | 37 (8.6) | 46 (5.2) | 0.02 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 99 (22.9) | 215 (24.2) | 0.60 |
| Valvular heart disease (%) | 18 (4.2) | 24 (2.7) | 0.16 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication (%) b | |||
| Thiazide or loop diuretic | 183 (42.3) | 321 (36.1) | 0.03 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic | 55 (12.7) | 91 (10.2) | 0.18 |
| ACE inhibitor | 132 (30.5) | 345 (38.8) | < 0.01 |
| Beta blocker | 187 (43.2) | 360 (40.5) | 0.35 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 52 (12.0) | 108 (12.2) | 0.94 |
| Other | 16 (3.7) | 27 (3.0) | 0.53 |
| Serum potassium, mean (SD), mEq/L | 4.3 (0.5) | 4.3 (0.5) | 0.86 |
|
Duration of treated hypertension, mean (SD), y |
13 (9) | 12 (10) | 0.01 |
|
Average achieved systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg |
144 (15) | 140 (14) | < 0.01 c |
| <120 (%) | 27 (6.2) | 50 (5.6) | < 0.01 d |
| 120-129 (%) | 46 (10.6) | 150 (16.9) | |
| 130-139 (%) | 91 (21.0) | 237 (26.7) | |
| 140-149 (%) | 124 (28.6) | 256 (28.8) | |
| 150-159 (%) | 88 (20.3) | 124 (14.0) | |
| 160-169 (%) | 40 (9.2) | 48 (5.4) | |
| ≥ 170 (%) | 17 (3.9) | 24 (2.7) | |
|
Average achieved diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg |
79 (10) | 80 (9) | 0.10 c |
| <65 (%) | 30 (6.9) | 39 (4.4) | 0.25 d |
| 65-69 (%) | 40 (9.2) | 71 (8.0) | |
| 70-74 (%) | 68 (15.7) | 134 (15.1) | |
| 75-79 (%) | 90 (20.8) | 189 (21.3) | |
| 80-84 (%) | 96 (22.2) | 195 (22.9) | |
| 85-89 (%) | 60 (13.9) | 162 (18.2) | |
| 90-94 (%) | 26 (6.0) | 63 (7.1) | |
| ≥ 95 (%) | 23 (5.3) | 36 (4.1) | |
|
Average pre-treatment systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg |
158 (16) | 156 (15) | 0.08 c |
| <120 (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.13 d |
| 120-129 (%) | 5 (1.6) | 6 (1.0) | |
| 130-139 (%) | 29 (9.1) | 62 (9.7) | |
| 140-149 (%) | 61 (19.1) | 165 (25.7) | |
| 150-159 (%) | 88 (27.6) | 169 (26.4) | |
| 160-169 (%) | 67 (21.0) | 134 (20.9) | |
| ≥170 (%) | 68 (21.3) | 105 (16.4) | |
|
Average pre-treatment diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg |
93 (9) | 94 (9) | 0.02 c |
| <65 (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.09 d |
| 65-69 (%) | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | |
| 70-74 (%) | 6 (1.9) | 5 (0.8) | |
| 75-79 (%) | 18 (5.6) | 19 (3.0) | |
| 80-84 (%) | 29 (9.1) | 38 (5.9) | |
| 85-89 (%) | 48 (15.1) | 115 (17.9) | |
| 90-94 (%) | 78 (24.5) | 148 (23.1) | |
| ≥95 (%) | 139 (43.3) | 312 (48.7) |
Cases and controls were frequency matched on age and sex
BMI was missing in 2 cases and 9 controls; alcohol use in 13 cases and 42 controls; race in 3 cases and 9 controls; duration of GH enrollment in 2 cases and 5 controls; glomerular filtration rate in 3 cases and 7 controls; potassium level in 6 cases and 13 controls; duration of hypertension in 65 cases and 146 controls; average pre-treatment systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 114 cases and 248 controls
Anti-hypertensive medication categories are not mutually exclusive; patients could be on more than one anti-hypertensive medication
P value given for a difference in blood pressure means
P value given for differences in blood pressure categories