Table 3.
Percentage of Women Who Reported Respiratory Symptoms in Their Child by Other Exposure Variablesa
| Variable | Wheeze, % | Wheeze that disturbed sleep, % | Cough that disturbed sleep, % | Emergency department visit for respiratory problem, % | Hospitalized for respiratory problem, % | Asthma diagnosis, % | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Other exposure |
No other exposure |
Other exposure |
No other exposure |
exposure |
No other exposure |
Other exposure |
No other exposure |
Other exposure |
No other exposure |
Other exposure |
No other exposure |
|
| Smoking in middle to late pregnancyb | 61.1 | 31.5k | 38.9 | 20.5 | 83.3 | 64.4 | 55.6 | 32.7k | 27.8 | 9.2k | 16.7 | 4.0k |
| Any passive smokec | 38.1 | 24.6k | 27.0 | 12.3k | 72.4 | 53.9k | 37.7 | 27.7 | 12.6 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 1.5k |
| Antibiotic use in late pregnancyd | 47.1 | 30.6k | 35.3 | 19.1k | 66.7 | 65.2 | 43.1 | 32.3 | 15.7 | 9.2 | 5.9 | 4.4 |
| Low antioxidant intakee | 37.2 | 26.6 | 25.0 | 16.1 | 65.2 | 65.3 | 35.1 | 30.7 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 5.3 | 3.2 |
| Mexican ethnicity | 29.8 | 39.2 | 17.8 | 28.3k | 63.4 | 69.2 | 29.3 | 42.5k | 8.4 | 13.3 | 2.2 | 9.2k |
| Family history of asthmaf | 35.4 | 29.5 | 25.7 | 15.1k | 69.3 | 59.7 | 38.4 | 27.3k | 12.6 | 6.5 | 5.8 | 2.9 |
| Child's sex male (vs female) | 40.8 | 24.7k | 25.1 | 17.5 | 75.4 | 54.6k | 38.0 | 29.5 | 13.4 | 6.6k | 5.0 | 4.2 |
| Low birth weightg | 59.3 | 30.8k | 37.0 | 20.1k | 74.1 | 64.7 | 55.6 | 32.1k | 22.2 | 9.1k | 14.8 | 3.8k |
| Breastfed for ≥4 weeksh | 28.7 | 42.6k | 17.7 | 29.6k | 62.7 | 71.3 | 31.2 | 39.8 | 8.0 | 14.8 | 3.4 | 7.4 |
| Age formula startedi | 34.7 | 12.0 | 21.1 | 8.0 | 67.2 | 36.0k | 36.4 | 20.0 | 10.7 | 8.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 |
| Infectionsj | 32.9 | 33.3 | 21.7 | 16.7 | 65.5 | 65.5 | 32.9 | 43.3 | 8.6 | 23.3k | 4.5 | 6.7 |
Values are percentages of those with a positive or negative response to the stated exposure question. Sample size was 345.
Mothers smoked in pregnancy between enrollment and the end of pregnancy.
Mothers exposed during pregnancy to passive smoke either at home or elsewhere.
Antibiotics used between the second nurse visit and the end of pregnancy.
Defined as 4 or more of 8 antioxidants below the median (n = 312).
First-degree relative of child has asthma.
Low birth weight defined as less than 2,500 g.
Breastfed for 4 or more weeks defined as breastfeeding until the child was 4 weeks old or longer.
P value for trend with age formula started coded for the analysis as birth, during first month, at 1 to 3 months, and at older than 3 months.
Any infections during pregnancy.
P < .05 by χ2 test.