Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the IA analysis cohort and description of the reported childhood diet with time to development of IA
| Dietary component | Developed IA (n = 79) (%) | Did not develop IA (n = 1697) (%) | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| High-risk genotype HLA-DR3/4,DQ8 | 36.7 | 20.5 | 2.12 (1.33–3.36) |
| Family history of type 1 diabetes | 63.3 | 49.6 | 1.74 (1.10–2.77) |
| Female | 53.2 | 47.6 | 1.20 (0.77–1.87)a |
| Non-Hispanic white ethnicity | 79.8 | 75.8 | 1.07 (0.61–1.88)a |
| Maternal education >12 yr | 87.3 | 79.1 | 1.54 (0.79–3.01)a |
| Annual income ≥$30,000 | 81.6 | 78.0 | 1.16 (0.65–2.09)a |
| Mean age (yr) at first IA-positive visit or most recent visit (sd) | 4.82 (2.49) | 6.20 (2.80) | N/A |
| BMI z score (1581 subjects, 67 cases) | N/Ab | N/Ab | 1.19 (0.94–1.51)a |
| Total calories (kcal/d) | N/Ab | N/Ab | 1.01 (0.80 −1.26)a,c |
| Total carbohydrates (g/d) | N/Ab | N/Ab | 0.91 (0.73–1.15)c,d |
| Total fiber (g/d) | N/Ab | N/Ab | 0.95 (0.75 −1.21)c,d |
| GI | N/Ab | N/Ab | 0.95 (0.76–1.19)c,d |
| GL | N/Ab | N/Ab | 0.91 (0.72 −1.14)c,d |
a
Adjusted for HLA genotype and family history of type 1 diabetes.
b
Not applicable (N/A) due to the time-varying nature of the data. See Table 2 for details regarding these variables.
c
HR and 95% CI represent 1 sd change in the diet variable.
d
Diet variables were adjusted for energy intake using the residual method (19). Models adjusted for total calories, HLA genotype, and family history of type 1 diabetes.