Table 3.
Descriptive characteristics of the type 1 diabetes analysis cohort and description of the reported childhood diet with time to type 1 diabetes development
| Progressed to type 1 diabetes (n = 17) | Has not progressed to type 1 diabetes (n = 72) | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | % | % | |
| High-risk genotype HLA-DR3/4,DQ8 | 58.8 | 29.2 | 2.03 (0.77–5.36) |
| Family history of type 1 diabetes | 70.6 | 61.1 | 1.55 (0.54–4.39) |
| Female | 58.8 | 51.4 | 1.93 (0.72–5.15)a |
| Non-Hispanic white ethnicity | 88.2 | 80.6 | 0.96 (0.21–4.36)a |
| Maternal education >12 yr | 88.2 | 86.1 | 1.08 (0.24–4.98)a |
| Annual income ≥$30,000 | 81.3 | 84.1 | 0.55 (0.15–2.11)a |
| Mean age (yr) at first autoantibody positive visit (sd) | 3.10 (1.70) | 5.15 (2.46) | 0.75 (0.56–0.99)a |
| Mean age (yr) at diagnosis or last visit (sd) | 6.22 (2.51) | 8.75 (2.58) | N/A |
| Mean BMI z score (75 subjects, 10 cases) (sd) | 0.40 (0.96) | 0.27 (0.96) | 0.93 (0.41–2.13)b |
| Mean total calories (kcal/d) (sd) | 1996.39 (572.98) | 2140.72 (752.12) | 0.88 (0.51 – 1.52)c |
| Mean total carbohydrates (g/d) (sd) | 269.72 (87.67) | 266.97 (93.95) | 1.44 (0.86–2.41)d |
| Mean total fiber (g/d) (sd) | 16.45 (6.82) | 17.88 (7.57) | 0.81 (0.52–1.28)d |
| Mean GI (sd) | 55.89 (3.16) | 54.57 (3.32) | 2.20 (1.17–4.15)d |
| Mean GL (sd) | 148.42 (50.82) | 144.49 (53.95) | 1.59 (0.96–2.64)d |
N/A, Not applicable.
Adjusted for HLA genotype and family history of type 1 diabetes.
Adjusted for age at first autoantibody positive visit, HLA genotype, and family history of type 1 diabetes.
Adjusted for age at first autoantibody positive visit, HLA genotype, and family history of type 1 diabetes. HR and 95% CI represent 1 sd change in the diet variable.
Diet variables were adjusted for energy intake using the residual method (19). HR and 95% CI represent 1 sd change in the diet variable. Models were adjusted for total calories, HLA genotype, age at first autoantibody positive visit, and family history of type 1 diabetes.