Table 5. Cigarette smoking and risk of oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma expressed in OR with 95% CI.
|
Women
|
Men
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Cases | OR a | Controls | Cases | OR a | |
| Variables | N=140 (%) | N=63 (%) | (95% CI) | N=676 (%) | N=388 (%) | (95% CI) |
| Frequency of smoking (cigarettes per day) | ||||||
| Never | 91 (65) | 29 (46) | 1.0 (reference) | 275 (41) | 98 (25) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 1–9 | 18 (13) | 14 (22) | 3.4 (1.3–9.4) | 119 (18) | 64 (17) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) |
| 10–19 | 24 (17) | 14 (22) | 2.4 (0.9–6.7) | 132 (20) | 105 (27) | 2.4 (1.6–3.5) |
| >19 | 7 (5) | 6 (10) | 5.7 (1.3–25.6) | 150 (22) | 121 (31) | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) |
| P value for trend | ||||||
| Duration of smoking | ||||||
| Never | 90 (64) | 29 (46) | 1.0 (reference) | 233 (35) | 71 (18) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 1–20 years | 17 (12) | 5 (8) | 1.5 (0.4–5.6) | 138 (20) | 75 (19) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) |
| 21–35 years | 16 (11) | 14 (22) | 3.9 (1.3–11.4) | 140 (21) | 100 (26) | 2.3 (1.5–3.5) |
| >35 years | 17 (12) | 15 (24) | 3.6 (1.3–10.0) | 165 (24) | 142 (37) | 3.6 (2.4–5.4) |
| Years since cessation of cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Never | 91 (65) | 29 (46) | 1.0 (reference) | 275 (41) | 98 (25) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 0–2 | 22 (16) | 21 (33) | 5.2 (1.9–13.8) | 129 (19) | 106 (27) | 2.6 (1.8–3.9) |
| 3–10 | 7 (5) | 5 (8) | 3.3 (0.7–14.9) | 54 (8) | 50 (13) | 2.7 (1.7–4.5) |
| 11–25 | 11 (8) | 6 (10) | 2.4 (0.6–9.9) | 101 (15) | 76 (20) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) |
| >25 | 9 (6) | 2 (3) | 0.8 (0.1–4.8) | 117 (17) | 58 (15) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
| Pack year of cigarette smoking b | ||||||
| 1 | 91 (65) | 29 (46) | 1.0 (reference) | 275 (41) | 98 (25) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 2 | 21 (15) | 10 (16) | 2.6 (0.9–7.4) | 141 (21) | 78 (20) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) |
| 3 | 13 (9) | 13 (21) | 4.3 (1.4–13.0) | 125 (19) | 81 (21) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) |
| 4 | 15 (11) | 11 (17) | 3.1 (1.0–9.6) | 135 (20) | 131 (34) | 2.9 (2.0–4.2) |
BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; OR=odds ratio.
a
Adjustments were made for age, educational level, alcohol use, gastro-oesophageal reflux, BMI, intake of fruits and vegetables, and Helicobacter pylori infection.
b
Number of cigarettes per day times the total years of smoking.