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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lung Cancer. 2008 Mar 14;61(3):292–300. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.01.015

TABLE V.

Cox proportional hazard ratios of the association of low HDL and the incidence of lung cancer in the ARIC study cohort.

Cox proportional hazard ratios
Risk factor Total sample (95% CI) Current smokers (95% CI) Former smokers (95% CI) Never smokers (95% CI)
Low vs. high HDL-cholesterol:
Crude 1.35
(1.05, 1.72)		 0.89
(0.66, 1.20)		 2.01
(1.27, 3.19)		 0.83
(0.25, 2.69)
Adjusted* 1.45
(1.10, 1.92)		 1.04
(0.74, 1.47)		 1.77
(1.05, 2.97)		 1.56
(041, 5.86)
HDL-cholesterol as a continuous variable:
Crude 0.86
(0.75, 0.99)		 1.05
(0.91,1.22)		 0.72
(0.55, 0.96)		 1.16
(0.69, 1.94)
β=−0.16
(−0.29, −0.03)		 β=0.05
(−0.10, 0.20)		 β=−0.32
(−0.60, −0.04)		 β=0.15
(−0.37, 0.66)
p=0.02 p=0.50 p=0.02 p=0.58
Adjusted* 0.92
(0.78, 1.08)		 1.07
(0.90, 1.28)		 0.87
(0.62, 1.22)		 0.78
(0.39, 1.56)
β=−0.09
(−0.25, 0.07)		 β=0.07
(−0.11, 0.25)		 β=−0.14
(−0.48, 0.20)		 β=−0.25
(−0.94, 0.45)
p=0.29 p=0.45 p=0.42 p=0.49
*

Adjustment for age, race, body mass index, cigarette pack-years of smoking, gender, triglycerides, exercise and alcohol consumption

Adjustment for smoking status was performed only for the total sample. No adjustment for smoking, or pack years of smoking was performed for never smokers.

Cut-points for the dichotomous HDL-cholesterol variable were 40 mg/dl for men, 50 mg/dl for women.

In analysis of the hazard ratios of the continuous HDL-cholesterol variable, the Cox proportional hazard ratios indicate change in hazard rate per one standard deviation increase in HDL-cholesterol levels (SD=17.07), the value of the beta coefficient defines a logarithm of the relative risk of lung cancer incidence per one standard deviation increase in HDL-cholesterol levels; p designates p for trend.