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Adherence of K. kingae type IV pilus mutants. K. kingae strains 269-492, 269-492 pilF::aphA3 (pilF:aphA3), and 269-492 pilA1::aphA3 (pilA1:aphA3) were assayed to determine their adherence to respiratory epithelial and synovial cell lines. E. coli DH5α was used as a negative control. The level of surface pili on each strain was determined by negative-staining transmission electron microscopy and was scored using a scale ranging from − to +++.
