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Examples of biomarkers of periodontal disease identified from plaque biofilm, gingival crevicular fluid, or saliva
| Category mediator | Examples |
|---|---|
| Microbial factors | DNA probes or culturing of putative periodontal pathogens (eg, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola) |
| Host response factors | IL-1β; TNF-α; aspartate aminotransferase; elastase |
| Connective tissue breakdown products |
Collagen telopeptides; osteocalcin; proteoglycans; fibronection fragments |
