Table 5.

Percentage and Frequency of Chinese and Canadian Children’s Justifications in the Lie—Truth, Group Interest, and Individual Interest Categories

Story and country	Age (years)
	7		9		11
	%	Frequency	%	Frequency	%	Frequency
Story 1: Lie ti help self but harm collective
Lie—truth
China	73	19/26	83	19/23	67	18/27
Canada	64	23/36	59	19/32	65	20/31
Group interest
China	19	5/26	17	4/23	37	10/27
Canada	6	2/36	9	3/32	26	8/31
Individual interest
China	15	4/26	17	4/23	63	17/27
Canada	17	6/36	34	11/32	48	15/31
Story 2: Lie to help collective but harm self
Lie—truth
China	81	21/26	91	21/23	74	20/27
Canada	81	29/36	69	22/32	74	23/31
Group interest
China	39	10/26	30	7/23	59	16/27
Canada	3	1/36	16	5/32	0	0/31
Individual interest
China	0	0/26	0	0/23	0	0/27
Canada	8	3/36	25	8/32	23	7/31
Story 3: Truth to help self but harm collective
Lie—truth
China	27	7/26	22	5/23	15	4/27
Canada	36	13/36	22	7/32	16	5/31
Group interest
China	31	8/26	48	11/23	52	14/27
Canada	50	18/36	19	6/32	26	8/31
Individual interest
China	0	0/26	0	0/23	15	4/27
Canada	50	18/36	59	19/32	61	19/31
Story 4: Truth to help collective but harm self
Lie—truth
China	27	7/26	22	5/23	22	6/27
Canada	33	12/36	13	4/32	3	1/31
Group interest
China	85	22/26	87	20/23	89	24/27
Canada	47	17/36	63	20/32	77	24/31
Individual interest
China	0	0/26	0	0/23	0	0/27
Canada	17	6/36	53	17/32	52	16/31