Table 1.
Maternal and Current Caregiver Characteristics by Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
| COCAINE | NON-COCAINE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 192) | (n = 179) | |||||||
| Biological Maternal | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | p | ||||
| Race (non-white) | 160 (83.3) | 145 (81.0) | .34 | .56 | ||||
| Prenatal care | 154 (80.2) | 162 (90.5) | 7.8 | .005 | ||||
| Married | 16 (8.3) | 29 (16.2) | 5.4 | .02 | ||||
| Low socioeconomic status | 187 (97.9) | 175 (97.8) | .01 | .93 | ||||
| Education < high school graduate | 90 (46.9) | 59 (33.0) | 7.5 | .006 | ||||
| Drug Use During Pregnancy | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 160 (86.0) | 113 (65.7) | 20.4 | <.0001 | ||||
| Marijuana | 91 (48.9) | 23 (13.4) | 52.0 | <.0001 | ||||
| Tobacco | 162 (87.1) | 68 (39.5) | 88.0 | <.0001 | ||||
| Amphetamine* | 5 (2.7) | 2 (1.2) | 1.1 | .45 | ||||
| Barbiturate* | 1 (.54) | 1 (.58) | .003 | 1.00 | ||||
| Heroin* | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 3.7 | .12 | ||||
| PCP* | 10 (5.5) | 0 (0) | 9.45 | .002 | ||||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | t | df | p | ||
| Age (years) | 29.8 | (5.0) | 25.6 | (4.8) | −8.3 | 369 | .0001 | |
| Parity | 3.5 | (1.9) | 2.7 | (1.9) | −4.2 | 369 | .0001 | |
| Number of prenatal visits | 5.2 | (4.6) | 8.8 | (4.9) | 7.2 | 368 | .0001 | |
| education** | 11.6 | (1.7) | 12.0 | (1.4) | 2.24 | 365 | .026 | |
| Amount of drug use during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Tobaccoa | 11.5 | (11.2) | 4.0 | (7.5) | −10.5 | 355 | .0001 | |
| Alcoholb** | 9.7 | (17.5) | 1.4 | (4.6) | −10.5 | 299 | .0001 | |
| Marijuanab** | 1.3 | (3.4) | 0.6 | (3.5) | −4.2 | 330 | .0001 | |
| Cocaineb | 24.4 | (45.8) | ||||||
| PPVT-R score1 | 73.8 | (15.2) | 77.9 | (14.8) | 2.6 | 367 | .01 | |
| WAIS-R BD score2 | 6.9 | (2.1) | 7.1 | (2.1) | 1.0 | 359 | .31 | |
| WAIS-R PC score3 | 6.7 | (2.1) | 7.0 | (2.4) | .99 | 359 | .32 | |
| General severity index** | .82 | (.75) | .50 | (.53) | −5.4 | 366 | .0001 | |
| Current Caregiver at 9 years† | ||||||||
| PPVT-R score1 | 84.1 | (9.8) | 86.9 | (10.3) | 2.7 | 358 | .008 | |
| WAIS-R BD score2 | 6.9 | (2.3) | 7.1 | (2.2) | 1.0 | 345 | .32 | |
| WAIS-R PC score3 | 7.0 | (2.4) | 7.0 | (2.4) | −0.09 | 345 | .93 | |
| General severity index** | .35 | (.37) | .39 | (.51) | −0.58 | 342 | .56 | |
| Amount of drug use past 30 days | ||||||||
| Tobaccoa | 6.1 | (7.7) | 3.8 | (6.5) | −3.7 | 349 | .0003 | |
| Alcoholb | 1.4 | (3.1) | 1.3 | (3.9) | −0.3 | 350 | .73 | |
| Marijuanab | .30 | (2.2) | .37 | (2.1) | −.26 | 348 | .80 | |
*
Based on Fisher exact test
**
Unequal variance assumed
1
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised
2
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised Block Design Score
3
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised Picture Completion Score
4
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment
†
Primary female caregiver to child at 9 years of age
a
Mean number of cigarettes per day
b
Mean number of drinks, “joints,” or “rocks”/day × mean number of days/week