Table 4.
Comparisons of Key Environmental Characteristics and Child Outcomes by Caregiver Group
| COCAINE | NONCOCAINE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group I | Group II | Group III | ||||
| Birth Maternal/Relative (n = 148) | Foster/Adoptive (n = 44) | (n = 179) | F/χ2 | df | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p | |||
| Prenatal cocaine exposure* | 20.4 (35.7) | 37.9 (68.8) | ----- | 3.7 | 1,190 | .057 |
| Environmental | ||||||
| HOME score | 42.8 (5.7) | 44.3 (4.9) | 43.8 (6.2) | 1.5 | 2,360 | .23 |
| PPVT-R score | 82.9 (7.8) | 88.4(14.2) | 86.9 (10.3) | 8.4 | 2,357 | .0003a |
| General Severity Index | .38 (.38) | .25 (.29) | .39 (.51) | 2.8 | 2,351 | .06b |
| Lead level** | 7.3 (4.2) | 5.6 (3.6) | 8.1 (4.6) | 5.6 | 2,290 | .0004c |
| Lead level > 10 µg/dL at either 2 or 4 years** | 31 (25.4%) | 3 (10.7%) | 44 (30.8%) | 5.0 | .08d | |
| IDA† | 8 (5.4%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 5.3 | .08e | |
| Child outcomes | ||||||
| Full-scale IQ, Adjusted mean (SE)*** | 85.0 (1.1) | 86.7 (2.1) | 85.4 (1.0) | 0.3 | 7,341 | .78 |
| Full-scale IQ > 100 | 20 (13.5%) | 1 (2.3%) | 34 (19.0%) | 8.2 | .017f | |
| Full-scale IQ < 70 | 16 (10.8%) | 4 (9.1%) | 16 (8.9%) | 0.3 | .84 | |
| Perceptual Reasoning IQ < 70 | 18 (12.2%) | 2 (4.7%) | 11 (6.2%) | 4.7 | .095g | |
*
Mean number of “rocks”/day × mean number of days/week
**
Based on reduced sample size; n’s are 118 for Group I, 32 for Group II, & 143 for Group III
***
Adjusted for the HOME score, parity, number of prenatal visits, biological maternal PPVT-R at birth, and average alcohol use during the 3rd trimester.
†
Fisher exact test
a
Group I differs from Group II (p < .007) and from Group III (p < .002)
b
Group II differs from Group I (p < .04)
c
Group II differs from Group I (p < .05) and from Group III (p < .003)
d
Group II differs from Group III (p < .03)
e
Group I differs from Group III (p < .05)
f
Group II differs from Group III (p < .01)
g
Group I differs from Group III (p < .06)