Table 1.

Characteristics of 3051 Participants in Overall Cohort and According to Level of Depressive Symptoms

		Level of Depressive Symptoms
Characteristic	All Participants	0–2 (Normal)	3–5 (Some Depressive Symptoms)	≥6 (Depressed)	P-value
Number of participants	3051	2310	537	204
Age Groups, %					<.001
64–69	9	9	6	8
70–74	34	36	31	25
75–79	29	30	24	28
≥80	28	25	39	40
Race, %					0.305
Caucasian	90	91	90	89
African American	4	4	4	6
Other	6	6	6	5
Self-reported health status, %					<.001
Excellent or Good	87	92	74	54
Fair, Poor or Very Poor	13	8	26	46
Lives alone, %	13	12	15	22	<.001
Education, %					<.001
Less than high school	5	5	6	10
High school diploma	16	15	21	18
College/Graduate school	79	81	73	73
Alcohol intake, drinks/week, %					<.001
0–2 drinks per week	59	57	66	70
3–13 drinks per week	35	37	31	26
14 or more drinks per week	6	6	4	4
Smoking status, %					0.016
Never Smoked	39	40	38	34
Former Smokers	59	58	60	61
Current Smokers	2	2	2	5
Caffeine intake, mg/day, mean ± SD	235.5 ± 245.9	238.3 ± 245.8	233.6 ± 249.3	208.8 ± 238.3	0.176
Current antidepressant use, %	8	5	13	25	<.001
Current benzodiazepine use, %	5	4	6	13	<.001
Current non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic/hypnotic use, %	2	2	3	3	0.026
Cognitively impaired (3MS score <80%), %	5	3	7	13	<.001
Body Mass Index, %					0.022
Underweight/Normal weight (BMI <25)	30	30	30	27
Overweight (BMI 25–30)	50	51	45	49
Obese (BMI ≥30)	20	19	25	25
Systolic blood pressure, mean ± SD	126.9 ± 16.4	126.7 ± 16.0	127.4 ± 16.7	128.0 ± 19.8	0.441
Takes walks for exercise, %					<.001
Never	10	9	12	18
Seldom (1–2 days/week)	17	15	20	24
Sometimes (3–4 days/week)	27	26	30	27
Often (5–7 days/week)	47	50	37	31
Any IADL impairments, %	21	15	36	54	<.001
≥1 selected medical conditions*, %	36	33	46	51	<.001

^*History of one or more selected medical conditions includes stroke, diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism, chronic obstructive lung disease, congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction