Table 3.
Association between Level of Depressive Symptoms and Objective Sleep Disturbances
| Odds Ratio (95% CI)‡ |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter of Sleep Quality | 0–2
(Normal) (n=2310) |
3–5
(Some Depressive Symptoms) (n=537) |
≥6
(Depressed) (204) |
P-trend |
| Sleep efficiency <70% | ||||
| Age and site adjusted* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.62 (1.23–2.14) | 1.77 (1.19–2.64) | <.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.35 (1.00–1.83) | 1.25 (0.79–1.97) | 0.104 |
| Sleep latency ≥1 hours | ||||
| Age and site adjusted* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.63 (1.23–2.18) | 2.29 (1.56–3.37) | <.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.40 (1.03–1.90) | 1.68 (1.08–2.61) | 0.006 |
| Awake after sleep onset ≥1.5 hours | ||||
| Age and site adjusted* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.40 (1.15–1.71) | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | 0.004 |
| Multivariable adjusted† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) | 0.787 |
| ≥8 long-wake episodes | ||||
| Age and site adjusted* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.46 (1.20–1.78) | 1.53 (1.14–2.06) | <.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.17 (0.95–1.45) | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.582 |
| Total sleep time (TST)§ | ||||
| TST ≤5 hours | ||||
| Age and site adjusted* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.47 (1.12–1.93) | 1.36 (0.90–2.06) | 0.010 |
| Multivariable adjusted† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 0.93 (0.58–1.50) | 0.598 |
| TST >8 hours | ||||
| Age and site adjusted* | 1.0 (referent) | 1.18 (0.83–1.70) | 1.33 (0.79–2.25) | 0.185 |
| Multivariable adjusted† | 1.0 (referent) | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 1.15 (0.63–2.08) | 0.513 |
n= 3051 men in age and site adjusted models
n= 3032 men in multivariable adjusted models. Model adjusted for age, site, race, BMI, living alone, alcohol intake, smoking status, cognitive impairment, physical activity, medical conditions, education, IADL impairments, self-reported health status, antidepressant use, benzodiazepine use and non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic/hypnotic use
Odds Ratio (OR) of sleep disturbances for men with 3–5 depressive symptoms compared with men with 0–2 depressive symptoms, and men with 6–15 depressive symptoms compared with men with 0–2 depressive symptoms
Total Sleep Time estimated using multinomial regression comparing 376 short sleepers (TST≤5 hours) to normal sleepers (TST=5–8 hours), and 220 long sleepers (TST>8 hours) to normal sleepers (TST=5–8 hours)