Table 3. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for gestational diabetes (GDM) according to both maternal plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficient status and pre-pregnancy overweight status.
Vitamin D deficiency* | Overweight** | GDM Cases | Controls | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted1 OR (95% CI) |
(N = 57) | (N = 114) | ||||
No | No | 22 | 75 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
Yes | No | 7 | 9 | 2.65 (0.89–7.93) | 2.36 (0.75–7.43) |
No | Yes | 16 | 23 | 2.37 (1.07–5.25) | 2.24 (0.99–5.08) |
Yes | Yes | 12 | 7 | 5.84 (2.05–16.6) | 4.93 (1.63–14.9) |
P value for interaction term | 0.93 | 0.93 |
Vitamin D deficiency is defined as maternal plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <20 ng/ml (Holick MF, [reference 1]).
Overweight is defined as pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2.
Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and family history of diabetes.