Table 1.
Characteristics of patients without diabetes (group 1), with unrecognized probable diabetes (group 2), and with known diabetes (group 3) by HbA1c and chart review
| Group 1: no diabetes; n = 436 (63%) | Group 2: unrecognized probable diabetes; n = 123 (18%) | Group 3: recognized diabetes; n = 136 (19%) | P value across groupsa | P value: difference between groups 1 and 2b | P value: difference between groups 2 and 3b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 59 ± 18 | 67 ± 15 | 64 ± 15 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.3 |
| Female sex | 51% | 58% | 35% | 0.0002 | 0.3 | 0.0002 |
| White race | 88% | 86% | 82% | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.99 |
| HbA1c | 5.57 ± 0.39 | 6.48 ± 0.41 | 7.40 ± 1.66 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity by billing code | ||||||
| CVD, MI, or CHF | 19% | 29% | 35% | <0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.6 |
| PVD | 8% | 20% | 16% | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.8 |
| COPD | 17% | 27% | 19% | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.3 |
| Renal disease | 6% | 11% | 23% | <0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
| Charlson score | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.5 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.05 |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Commercial | 49% | 44% | 38% | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.99 |
| Medicare | 41% | 50% | 56% | |||
| Medicaid | 5% | 6% | 4% | |||
| Free care | 4% | 1% | ||||
| Hospital use | ||||||
| Length of stay | 5.3 ± 5.8 | 5.9 ± 7.4 | 5.4 ± 6.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.08 |
| Total charges | $51,007 ± 76,202 | $55,008 ± 73,075 | $46,523 ± 40,913 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Undiagnosed probable diabetes is defined as HbA1c of more than 6.1% with no indication of diabetes in the medical record. CHF, Congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.
a
P value by χ2 for categorical data and ANOVA for continuous data.
b
Difference between Tukey-Kramer adjusted P value for difference between groups for continuous variables and χ2 P value multiplied by 2 for categorical variables.