Table 3.
Outcome Scores at Time 1, 2 & 3 and MANOVA test (Group x Time) Results
| Instrument | Psychoeducation Group (n = 34) | Routine Care (n = 34) | F (1, 66) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 1 | Time 2. | Time 3 | ||||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| FBIS (0-50) a | 29.81 | (7.01) | 24.69 | (6.10) | 23.41 | (7.92) | 30.26 | (8.06) | 28.49 | (6.01) | 26.84 | (8.10) | 4.32* |
| Financial burden | 9.40 | (2.98) | 8.53 | (1.01) | 7.52 | (1.12) | 9.58 | (2.08) | 9.23 | (1.78) | 8.80 | (1.51) | 4.43* |
| Family routine | 4.06 | (0.98) | 3.35 | (0.80) | 3.19 | (0.71) | 4.10 | (0.97) | 3.80 | (0.98) | 3.56 | (1.00) | 4.32* |
| Leisure | 4.73 | (1.01) | 3.20 | (0.88) | 3.01 | (0.80) | 4.32 | (0.62) | 4.10 | (1.11) | 3.94 | (1.02) | 5.03** |
| Interaction | 5.89 | (1.10) | 4.70 | (0.81) | 4.31 | (0.91) | 5.88 | (0.78) | 5.61 | (1.24) | 5.58 | (1.01) | 4.31* |
| Physical health | 2.24 | (0.82) | 2.08 | (0.80) | 1.99 | (0.75) | 2.38 | (0.91) | 2.03 | (0.72) | 2.00 | (0.76) | 3.10 |
| Mental health | 4.12 | (1.68) | 3.64 | (0.90) | 3.38 | (0.82) | 4.00 | (0.89) | 3.86 | (1.10) | 3.69 | (0.90) | 4.26* |
| FAD (7-28) | 17.35 | (4.53) | 21.08 | (5.01) | 23.69 | (4.03) | 18.22 | (4.45) | 19.50 | (5.01) | 20.59 | (5.10) | 4.52* |
| Problem solving | 2.45 | (0.67) | 2.98 | (0.89) | 3.25 | (0.83) | 2.33 | (0.68) | 2.70 | (0.70) | 2.94 | (0.71) | 5.01** |
| Communication | 2.33 | (0.78) | 2.94 | (0.98) | 3.09 | (0.81) | 2.49 | (0.77) | 2.51 | (0.54) | 2.85 | (0.71) | 4.89** |
| Roles | 2.58 | (0.65) | 2.97 | (0.77) | 3.28 | (0.80) | 2.67 | (0.61) | 2.87 | (0.88) | 2.98 | (0.70) | 4.30* |
| Affective responses | 2.32 | (0.98) | 2.88 | (0.86) | 3.14 | (0.97) | 2.61 | (0.91) | 2.89 | (0.67) | 2.89 | (0.80) | 4.12* |
| Affective involvement | 2.61 | (1.01) | 2.99 | (0.90) | 3.28 | (0.89) | 2.80 | (0.90) | 2.95 | (0.69) | 3.03 | (0.98) | 4.01* |
| Behaviour control | 2.68 | (0.88) | 3.03 | (0.90) | 3.17 | (1.00) | 2.69 | (0.98) | 2.73 | (0.70) | 2.98 | (0.70) | 4.05* |
| General functioning | 2.39 | (0.99) | 2.98 | (0.72) | 3.48 | (0.80) | 2.45 | (0.69) | 2.67 | (0.61) | 2.87 | (0.90) | 4.93** |
| FSSI (1-16) | 3.81 | (1.10) | 3.98 | (1.03) | 4.39 | (1.09) | 3.79 | (1.20) | 3.97 | (1.12) | 4.28 | (1.00) | 2.33 |
| SLOF (43-215) | 126.8 | (16.8) | 147.7 | (25.8) | 163.9 | (30.1) | 121.2 | (17.3) | 115.1 | (20.9) | 120.1 | (24.8) | 4.68 * |
| Self maintenance | 41.9 | (10.8) | 48.8 | (13.1) | 56.8 | (19.0) | 39.2 | (13.8) | 36.6 | (12.9) | 38.8 | (12.1) | 4.88 ** |
| Social functioning | 39.2 | (11.8) | 46.1 | (16.1) | 52.3 | (15.1) | 38.1 | (11.5) | 34.5 | (11.0) | 39.7 | (16.0) | 4.42* |
| Community living skills | 46.4 | (10.1) | 52.8 | (17.8) | 54.8 | (20.3) | 43.9 | (12.1) | 40.7 | (12.0) | 43.6 | (12.0) | 4.30 * |
| Re-hospitalizationb | 27.6 | (8.3) | 25.8 | (10.1) | 27.8 | 10.3) | 28.2 | (10.3) | 28.0 | (12.1) | 28.6 | (13.2) | 2.18 |
Note:
a
Possible range of scores of each scale indicated in parenthesis.
b
Length of stay in a psychiatric hospital or in-patient unit at Time 1,2 and 3, in terms of average days of hospitalization.
Time 1 = baseline measurement at the start of intervention; Time 2 = one month after intervention; Time 3 = 12 months after intervention.
FAD = Family Assessment Device; FBIS = Family Burden Interview Schedule; SSQ6 = Six-item Social Support Questionnaire; FSSI = Family Support Service Index; SLOF = Specific Level of Functioning Scale.
*
p < .01,
**
p < .001.