Table 2.

Data of publication about the low bone mineral status in AIS patients

Authors (year of publication)	No. of AIS patients	No. of controls	Age	Sex	Cobb angle (°)	Methods of BMD measurement	Skeletal site measured	Results	Bone mineral density (mean ± SD)
Burner et al. [3] (1982)	50	51	No mentioned	No mentioned	Range from 10 to 20	Singh index	Thoracolumbar spine and both proximal femurs	There is a degree of osteoporosis in idiopathic scoliosis	The mean Singh index: 4.46 for the group with AIS; 5.53 for the normal children
Cook et al. [11] (1987)	44	44	Average age of 15.1 years (range from 9 to 20)	Girl	Thoracic curvature of 25.3 (range 6–50)	Dual-photon absorptiometry	Lumbar spine and femoral neck	The scoliotic subjects exhibited significantly lower lumbar and femoral neck bone mineral densities than the control subjects.	Site: CBMD g/cm2 (calibrated bone mineral density)  Lumbar spine: 1.01 ± 0.17;  Femoral neck: 0.93 ± 0.14;  Ward’s triangle: 0.91 ± 0.16; Great trochanter: 0.74 ± 0.12
Cheng et al. [7] (2000)	75	94	12–14 years	Girl	Not mentioned	DEXA and PQCT	DEXA: Lumbar spine (L2-L4) and bilateral proximal femur; pQCT: Non-dominant distal radius and bilateral distal tibias	Of all the AIS girls, 38% of the aBMD and 36% of the vBMD were below −1 SD of the normal	DEXA g/cm2 Lumbar (L2-L4) 0.755 ± 0.117 Proximal femur Neck dominant 0.740 ± 0.109 non-dominant 0.732 ± 0.104 Great trochanter dominant 0.615 ± 0.089 non-dominant 0.596 ± 0.083 Ward’s triangle dominant 0.619 ± 0.107 non-dominant 0.600 ± 0.106 pQCT measurement (iBMD: integral vBMD tBMD: central 50% of the total bone area) Distal radius tBMD: 224.7 ± 58.2 iBMD: 467.5 ± 93.2 Distal tibia tBMD: dominant 247.8 ± 52.4 non-dominant 246.7 ± 50.9 iBMD: dominant 440.1 ± 77.1 non-dominant 457.4 ± 70.5
Lee et al. [24] (2005)	619	300	11–16 years	Girl	Moderate (Cobb: 10–39) severe (Cobb: >40)	DEXA and PQCT	DEXA: lumbar spine and the nondominant proximal femur; pQCT: Non-dominant distal tibiae	Starting from age 13 years, most axial and peripheral BMD and BMC of the moderate or severe AIS group was significantly lower than for the controls	DEXA (g/cm2) Moderate (≤12 years; 13 years; 14 years; ≥15 years)  lumbar spine: 0.67 ± 0.11; 0.76 ± 0.11; 0.78 ± 0.10; 0.81 ± 0.10  femoral neck: 0.68 ± 0.10; 0.74 ± 0.11; 0.75 ± 0.10; 0.77 ± 0.11 Severe (≤12 years; 13 years; 14 years; ≥15 years)  lumbar spine: 0.65 ± 0.11; 0.70 ± 0.08; 0.77 ± 0.11; 0.82 ± 0.12  femoral neck: 0.67 ± 0.11; 0.69 ± 0.07; 0.75 ± 0.11; 0.76 ± 0.12 pQCT (mg/cm3)  Moderate (≤12 years; 13 years; 14 years; ≥15 years)  Distal tibial trabecular: 238.8 ± 43.9; 245.7 ± 45.6; 242.0 ± 42.1;254.2 ± 44.4  Distal tibial trabecular and cortical BMD: 410.9 ± 61.3; 432.5 ± 72.8; 447.5 ± 67.8; 463.9 ± 65.8  Severe (≤12 years; 13 years; 14 years; ≥15 years)  Distal tibial trabecular: 239.9 ± 49.6; 225.1 ± 47.0; 231.0 ± 48.5; 242.1 ± 64.1  Distal tibial trabecular and cortical BMD: 404.6 ± 85.8; 397.6 ± 52.9; 422.0 ± 66.7; 440.3 ± 87.9
Yeung et al.[48] (2006)	78	44	15–18 years	Girl	Moderate (Cobb: 20–40) severe (Cobb: >40)	PQCT	The distal region and the midshaft of non-dominant radius	A systemic low BMD including the cortical bone was demonstrated in AIS patients and AIS girls may have disturbance in mineralization and ossfication during peripubertal growth.	pQCT (mg/cm3)  Site  BMD midshaft (mg/cm3) 1433.0 ± 101.2 (moderate); 1415.4 ± 118.6 (severe)  Cortical bone BMD (mg/cm3) 1633.5 ± 39.71433.0 ± 101.2 (moderate); 1608.8 ± 48.6 (severe) Moderate 1433.0 ± 101.2 1415.4 ± 118.6 Severe 1633.5 ± 39.7 1608.8 ± 48.6