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(A) Phosphorylated and total ERK are each increased significantly in the proximal and Roux limbs compared to the distal limbs of the anastomoses. The phospho ERK/total ERK ratio demonstrates a true increase in the proportion of activated ERK in both proximal and Roux limbs compared to the distal gut (n=19, p<0.05 for each comparison of phosphorylated and total ERK and for the ratio) (B) Phosphorylated ERK is increased in pressurized Caco-2 cells compared to controls. (n=18, p<0.05)
