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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Enzyme Regul. 2008 Feb 21;48:113–135. doi: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2008.02.006

Figure 2. Effects of PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK Pathways on Apoptotic Circuity.

Figure 2

Growth factors can induce multiple signal transduction pathways which can effect the expression of apoptotic molecules by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The effects of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways are often counterbalanced by JNK and GSK-3β which can serve to promote apoptosis.