Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Enzyme Regul. 2008 Feb 21;48:113–135. doi: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2008.02.006

Figure 3. Sites of Gene Mutation/Amplification which Can Result in Activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK Cascades.

Figure 3

Amplification of HER2 is observed in 25 to 30% of breast cancer patients which can result in activation of both the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK cascades. Ras is mutated in approximately 35% of human cancers. B-Raf and Raf-1 are also mutated in certain human cancers. The PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway is also activated in breast cancer due to mutations at PI3K, PTEN and Akt as well as mutations at upstream receptors. Abnormal Akt activation is associated with a poorer prognosis for breast cancer and resistance to chemo-hormonal therapy.