Table 2.

Effect of genetic intervention in VDR or CYP27B1 null mice

VDR: calcium and bone
Genetic intervention	Calcium (re)absorption		Serum				Bone		Skin Alopecia	Remarks	Ref.
	Intestine	kidney	Ca	P	PTH	1,25-OH)2D	Rickets	Osteomalacia
VDR	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑	↑	Yes	Yes	Yes		150,151,152,153
VDR/CYP24	?	?	?	?	?	↑	?	↓	Yes	Rescue of decreased bone mineralisation	34
VDR/RXRγ	?	?	↓	↓	?	↑	↑↑		Yes	Persistent skeletal abnormalities during rescue diet	193
VDR/CaBP-28k	?	↓↓↓	↓	↓	↑	↑	↑	↑	Yes	Premature death, persistent skeletal abnormalities during rescue diet	181
VDR/FGF23	?	=	=	=	↑	↑	=	=	Yes	Rescue of mineral abnormalities and ectopic calcifications (rescue diet)	222
CYP27B1	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓↓↓	Yes	Yes	∼ VDR null mice	154,155
CYP27B1/VDR	?	?	↓	↓	↑	↓↓↓	+	Yes	Yes	Persistent skeletal abnormalities during rescue diet	192
CYP27B1/PTH	?	↓↓↓	↓↓	↑	↓↓↓	↓↓↓	↑↑		/	Premature death due to severe hypocalcemia	201
CYP27B1/FGF23	?	?	↓	↓	↑	↓↓↓	Yes	Yes	/	Rescue of mineral abnormalities and ectopic calcifications	220,221
CYP27B1/Na/Pi-2a	?	↓	=	↓	=	↓↓↓	?	?	/	Rescue of renal calcifications (data of 3-wk-old mice)	227
VDR: cancer, immune system and diabetes pathology
VDR × MMTV-Neu	Increased susceptibility to dysplasia of the mammary ductal epithelia and atrophy of the mammary ductal epithelia, associated with reduced survival										302
VDR/IL-10	Increased severity of inflammatory bowel disease										415,416
VDR × NOD	No enhanced susceptibility to diabetes but aggravation of known immune abnormalities										419

↑, Increase; ↓, decrease; ?, not investigated; /, not present; and =, comparable values vs. WT mice; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus.