Table 5.
Comparison of the absence of VDR and vitamin D in the immune system: effects of the absence of the VDR, or vitamin D deficiency and the administration of pharmacological doses of the active 1,25-(OH)2D or analogs in different immune settings
| VDR KO | Vitamin D deficiency
|
1,25-(OH)2D or analogs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal studies | Human data | |||
| Autoimmune diseases | ||||
| Type 1 diabetes | = | + | + | − |
| MS/EAE | − | + | + | − |
| Crohn’s disease/IBD | + | + | + | − |
| RA/CIA | nd | nd | + | − |
| SLE | nd | nd | + | − |
| Allergy/asthma | − | (− / = ) | + | − / = /+ |
| Infections | ||||
| Leishmania | − | nd | nd | nd |
| Tuberculosis | nd | + | + | − |
=, No change in disease presentation; +, aggravation; −, protection; nd, no data available; MS, multiple sclerosis; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.