FIG. 4.

Liver cytokine mRNA expression during T. muris-S. mansoni coinfection (Tm + Sm). AKR mice were infected as described above. RNA was prepared from freshly isolated liver tissue 7 weeks after S. mansoni infection and reverse transcribed, and cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Means of four to six mice per group and standard errors of the mean are shown. Data from one representative experiment out of three are shown. *, statistically significant difference between S. mansoni singly infected and coinfected groups (P < 0.05); #, statistically significant difference between infected and uninfected groups (P < 0.05).