Table 1.

A multilevel approach to behavioural strategies for HIV prevention with HIV counselling and testing as an example.

Examples	Applied to HIV counselling and testing
Individual	Education; drug-related or sexual risk reduction counselling; skills building; prevention case management	HIV testing and counselling for individuals35
Couple	Couples counselling	HIV counselling and testing for couples35–38
Family	Family-based counselling programmes	Home-based family HIV counselling and testing39
Peer group/network	Peer education; diffusion of innovation; network-based strategies	Voluntary counselling and testing for all network members
Institution (eg, school, workplace, prisons)	Institution-based programmes	Services for voluntary counselling and testing available within workplaces and other institutional settings40
Community	Mass media; social marketing; community mobilisation	Community-based voluntary counselling and testing (eg, Project Accept);41,42 Mobilisation and media to promote HIV counselling and testing

Adapted from [3].