Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by quartile of ACR
| Characteristics | Quartiles of ACR |
Correlation coefficient | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| n | 797 | 797 | 797 | 797 | ||
| ACR (mg/g) | 3.0 (0.7–3.7) | 4.6 (3.7–5.5) | 7.1 (5.5–9.7) | 16.5 (9.7–1578) | ||
| Age (years) | 50.0 ± 10.6 | 50.3 ± 10.3 | 50.7 ± 10.5 | 51.5 ± 11.1 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Sex (% male) | 41.3 | 34.1 | 25.5 | 28.4 | — | <0.01 |
| Race (as row %) | — | 0.77 | ||||
| White | 23.7 | 25.3 | 26.9 | 24.1 | ||
| Black | 31.4 | 20.2 | 21.8 | 26.7 | ||
| Hispanic | 23.0 | 26.6 | 25.9 | 24.5 | ||
| Native American | 23.0 | 30.3 | 20.4 | 26.3 | ||
| Asian | 22.4 | 22.4 | 30.6 | 24.7 | ||
| Family history of diabetes (% yes) | 70.8 | 70.9 | 68.3 | 68.4 | — | 0.94 |
| History of gestational diabetes (% yes) | 16.0 | 15.8 | 15.3 | 17.2 | — | 0.78 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33 ± 6 | 34 ± 7 | 34 ± 6 | 35 ± 7 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 105 ± 13 | 104 ± 15 | 104 ± 14 | 107 ± 15 | 0.07 | <0.01 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 107 ± 9 | 106 ± 8 | 106 ± 8 | 107 ± 8 | <−0.01 | 0.94 |
| 2-h OGTT (mg/dl) | 165 ± 17 | 164 ± 17 | 164 ± 17 | 166 ± 17 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 25 ± 13 | 26 ± 14 | 27 ± 16 | 29 ± 17 | 0.08 | <0.01 |
| A1C (%) | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | 6.6 ± 3.6 | 7.0 ± 3.9 | 7.0 ± 4.4 | 7.7 ± 4.7 | 0.07 | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 ± 14 | 122 ± 14 | 124 ± 14 | 129 ± 16 | 0.2 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | 78 ± 9 | 81 ± 10 | 0.1 | <0.01 |
| Smoking (%) | 7.9 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 8.8 | — | 0.27 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 0.78 ± 0.17 | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.18 | −0.16 | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 203 ± 36 | 202 ± 37 | 205 ± 36 | 204 ± 37 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 160 ± 89 | 164 ± 91 | 160 ± 92 | 171 ± 111 | 0.01 | 0.47 |
| Medication usage (%) | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor | 6.1 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 10.2 | — | <0.01 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | 0.91 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 5.5 | 5.1 | 6.9 | 12.0 | — | <0.01 |
| Diuretic† | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | — | 0.50 |
| Study randomization (%) | — | 0.75 | ||||
| Lifestyle | 32.4 | 34.8 | 31.5 | 34.9 | ||
| Metformin | 35.9 | 30.2 | 32.7 | 33.4 | ||
| Placebo | 31.7 | 35.0 | 35.8 | 31.7 | ||
Data are median (25th–75th quartile) or means ± SD unless indicated otherwise.
*
P values are calculated using Spearman's rank correlation for continuous variables (e.g., age or BMI). For categorical variables (e.g., sex or race), P values are from ANOVA tests using base 2 logarithm of urinary albumin excretion.
†
Nine of the 60 participants taking diuretics at baseline were taking thiazides, which is a protocol violation.