Table 1.
Physical variables at baseline in control (n = 36) and offspring participants (n = 34)
| Variable | Controls | Offspring |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33.6 ± 6.1 | 35.6 ± 7.0 |
| Body mass (kg) | 73.0 ± 14.8 | 76.6 ± 15.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 28.1 ± 5.1 |
| Body fat (%) | 39.6 ± 6.4 | 41.4 ± 6.6 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 28.9 ± 10.1 | 31.3 ± 10.2 |
| Trunk fat mass (kg) | 14.2 ± 5.3 | 16.3 ± 5.6 |
| Total lean mass (kg) | 42.1 ± 5.6 | 42.6 ± 6.0 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.4 ± 11.6 | 89.1 ± 13.1 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 106.7 ± 9.7 | 109.0 ± 10.1 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.4 ± 12.7 | 120.3 ± 14.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.1 ± 8.9 | 76.4 ± 11.1 |
| Energy intake (kJ [kg body mass]−1 day −1) | 108 ± 27 | 114 ± 34 |
|
32.7 ± 6.7 | 30.4 ± 4.8 |
 at lactate threshold (ml kg−1 min−1) |
21.0 ± 4.1 | 21.0 ± 3.8 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.7 |
| Fasting insulina (pmol/l) | 37.2 ± 22.8 | 47.4 ± 27.0* |
| Glucose AUC ([mmol/l] × h) | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 14.0 ± 3.1 |
| Insulin AUCa ([pmol/l] × h) | 604 ± 426 | 742 ± 466 |
| ISIa | 7.31 ± 3.81 | 5.67 ± 3.38* |
| Fasting NEFAa (mmol/l) | 0.52 ± 0.18 | 0.55 ± 0.17 |
| Fasting 3-hydroxybutyrate (μmol/l) | 63 ± 48 | 85±74 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.23 ± 1.04 | 4.17 ± 1.06 |
| Fasting triacylglycerola (mmol/l) | 0.86 ± 0.30 | 0.98 ± 0.36 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.22 ± 0.31 | 1.27 ± 0.28 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.62 ± 0.94 | 2.45 ± 0.94 |
| Leptina (ng/ml) | 17.6 ± 10.8 | 22.4 ± 15.3 |
Values are mean ± SD
aStatistical analysis performed on logarithmically transformed data. ISI was calculated from fasting and post-glucose plasma and insulin concentrations according to the model of Matsuda and DeFronzo [23]
*p < 0.05 for difference from control group