Table 3.

Relationships of Novel Inflammatory, Hematological and Atherosclerotic Risk Factors and Retinal Vein Occlusion, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

	Any Retinal Vein Occlusion
Novel Risk Factors	OR (95% CI)*	p
Inflammatory factors
C-reactive protein, per SD increase, mg/L	0.94 (0.71, 1.25)	0.66
Fibrinogen, per SD increase, mg/dl	0.93 (0.72, 1.21)	0.60
Hematological / Coagulation factors
Hyperhomocysteinemia, > 12 micromol/L	1.88 (1.04, 3.41)	0.04
Creatinine, per SD increase, mg/dL	1.21 (1.05, 1.39)	0.008
Factor VIII, per SD increase, %	0.94 (0.73, 1.21)	0.62
D-dimer, per SD increase, μg/ml	1.09 (0.84, 1.42)	0.50
Renal dysfunction
Absent	Reference
Mild	2.23 (1.28, 3.88)	0.005
Moderate-Severe	3.73 (1.57, 8.88)	0.003
Retinal microvascular characteristics
Arteriovenous nicking	5.71 (3.04, 10.70)	<0.001
Focal arteriolar narrowing	6.35 (2.17, 18.61)	0.001
Subclinical atherosclerosis
Carotid artery atherosclerosis, ≥25% stenosis	1.34 (0.69, 2.59)	0.39
Coronary artery atherosclerosis, Agatston calcium score ≥200	1.22 (0.65, 2.28)	0.54
Peripheral artery atherosclerosis, ankle-brachial index <0.9	1.00 (0.30, 3.26)	0.99

Risk factors examined but not significant (p>0.05) include interleukin-6, sphingomyelin, plasmin-α₂-antiplasmin complex, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, retinal arteriolar and venular calibers.

^*Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and study center