Table 1. FHA-induced cytokine secretion in U-937 derived macrophages, fresh human monocytes, and BEAS-2B cells.
TNF-α (ng/ml) | IL-8 (ng/ml) | IL-10 (ng/ml) | ||
U-937 cells | media only | 0.025±0.015 | 2.7±0.3 | 0.013±0.001 |
+ FHA | 0.360±0.02 | 32±3.2 | 2.2±0.071 | |
Fresh monocytes | media only | ND | ND | ND |
+ FHA | 4.24±0.04 | 76±2.3 | 0.47±0.1 | |
BEAS-2B cells | media only | ND | 0.108±0.008 | ND |
+ FHA | ND | 1.341±0.069 | ND |
Cells were incubated for two hours with 5 µg/ml FHA, washed and further incubated for 16 hours with media alone. TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 levels were analyzed in cell supernatants by ELISA. These are representative values from one of three experiments performed under similar conditions. Statistical significance was analyzed by t test (two-sample test, assuming equal variances); FHA induced significant responses in all cases where cytokines could be detected (p < 0.000001).
ND = not detected.