Curcumin normalizes cytokine-induced, sustained, non-oscillatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus. (a) Representative immunoblot of NF-κB p65 expression in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of control and experimental islets. Islets were sampled at 0 h and then exposed to cytokine combination. Samples were collected at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. (b) Cytoplasmic NF-κB p65 was normalized against β-actin, and nuclear NF-κB p65 was normalized against poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Data are means±s.d. for three independent experiments. *Value is significantly different from the value at an earlier time point (P<0.001); **values significantly differ from the value at an earlier time point (P<0.01); (#value differs significantly from 0 h time point (P<0.050); ##value differs significantly from 24 h time point (P<0.50). (c) NF-κB p65 activity assay in the nuclear and cytoplasmic samples of treated and untreated islets. Data are mean activity levels±s.d. for three independent experiments. *Values differ from all other groups.