Fig. 5.

Crossover from apparently linear deformation to tether extraction. Two video micrographs show membrane tethers extracted from normal (A) and latrunculin-A-treated neutrophils (B), respectively. Tethers are the faint shadows between the cell and the bead (marked by the arrows in the video frames). In both cases, pulling forces were applied on CD162, and the cell retraction speed was 2,000 nm/s. Scale bars in both A and B represent 5 μm. C: typical force histories of apparently linear deformation and tether extraction from passive and latrunculin A-treated neutrophils.