Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants N = 96
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 72.88 ± 7.66 |
| Sex, % | |
| Female | 78.1 |
| Male | 21.9 |
| Education, % | |
| < High school | 18 |
| High school | 34 |
| Vocational | 5 |
| Any college | 39 |
| Graduate school | 3 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 30.2 ± 6.2 |
| Recruitment site, % | |
| Community center | 74 |
| Senior high rise | 26 |
| Marital status, % | |
| Single | 17 |
| Married | 16 |
| Divorced | 22 |
| Widowed | 45 |
| Living alone, % | 67 |
| Comorbidities, % | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10 |
| Hypertension | 76 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 |
| Coronary heart disease | 22 |
| Congestive heart failure | 12 |
| Macular degeneration | 7 |
| Glaucoma | 16 |
| Depression | 6 |
| Arthritis | 64 |
| Osteoporosis | 14 |
| Asthma | 16 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 12 |
| Parkinson disease | 2 |
| History of cancer | 15 |
Note: The proportion of comorbidities was assessed according to self-report.
The mean comorbidity index was 3.5 ± 1.9.
SD = standard deviation.