Table 4.

Prediction of Initial Status and Rate of Change in E-Mail Processing Time

	Model A		Model B		Model C		Model D		Model E		Model F		Model G

	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t
Fixed effects
Initial status
Intercept	2.144	23.5^***	2.592	26.1^***	2.592	20.8^***	2.592	22.6^***	2.592	25.5^***	2.592	28.5^***	2.592	24.6^***
Prior experience							−0.368	−3.2^**	−0.244	−2.2^*	−0.165	−1.6
Crystallized intelligence									−0.312	−2.6^*	−0.342	−3.2^**	−0.302	−2.5^*
Fluid intelligence									−0.176	−1.4	−0.095	−0.8	−0.281	−2.3^*
Age											0.044	3.6^***
Rate of change
Average			−0.299	−11.4^***	−0.299	−9.1^***	−0.299	−9.5^***	−0.299	−9.9^***	−0.299	−10.1^***	−0.299	−9.7^***
Prior experience							0.074	2.3^*	0.061	1.8	0.050	1.5
Crystallized intelligence									0.078	2.2^*	0.083	2.4^*	0.076	2.1^*
Fluid intelligence									−0.001	0.0	−0.013	−0.4	0.025	0.7
Age											−0.007	−1.6
Variance components				Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z
Level 1 residual variance	0.325		0.178	8.8^***	0.128	7.2^***	0.128	7.2^***	0.128	7.2^***	0.128	7.2^***	0.128	7.2^***
Level 2 variances
Initial status	0.351		0.388	4.5^***	0.720	4.5^***	0.596	4.3^***	0.448	4.1^***	0.340	3.8^***	0.489	4.2^***
Rate of change					0.030	2.6^***	0.026	2.4^*	0.022	2.1^*	0.020	2.0^*	0.024	2.3^*
Pseudo R-square statistics
R²_yy			0.167		0.167		0.276		0.422		0.524		0.387
R²₀							0.173		0.378				0.321
R²₁							0.149		0.283				0.207

Notes: R²_yy is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable explained by the model; R²₀ is the proportion of the between person variation in initial status explained by the model; R ²₁ is the proportion of the between person variable in rate of change explained by the model.

p ≤ .05;

^**

p ≤ .01;

^***

p ≤ .001.