Table 5.

Prediction of Initial Status in Navigational Efficiency

	Model A		Model B		Model C		Model D		Model E		Model F		Model G

Variable	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t	Estimate	t
Fixed effects
Initial status
Intercept	0.802	16.4^***	1.065	19.0^***	1.065	16.2^***	1.065	20.8^***	1.065	22.4^***	1.064	22.4^***	1.065	21.7^***
Prior experience							−0.166	−3.8^***	−0.102	−2.4^*	−0.091	−2.1^*	−0.021	−0.4
Crystallized intelligence									−0.025	−0.5	−0.029	−0.6
Fluid intelligence									−0.148	−3.0^**	−0.137	−2.8^**	−0.091	−4.1^***
Age											0.006	1.2
Rate of change
Average			−0.175	−9.6^***	−0.175	−8.5^***	−0.175	−9.6^***	−0.175	−9.6^***	−0.175	−9.6^***	−0.175	−9.6^***
Variance components				Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z		Wald Z
Level 1 residual variance	0.137		0.087	8.8^***	0.075	7.2^***	0.087	8.8^***	0.087	8.8^***	0.086	8.8^***	0.087	8.8^***
Level 2 variances
Initial status	0.089		0.102	4.1^***	0.171	3.8^***	0.076	3.9^***	0.057	3.5^***	0.056	3.5^***	0.064	3.7^***
Rate of change					0.007	1.5
Pseudo R-square statistics
R²_yy			0.171		0.171		0.293		0.388		0.396		0.350
R²₀							0.254		0.441				0.368
R²₁

Notes: R²_yy is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable explained by the model; R²₀ is the proportion of the between person variation in initial status explained by the model; R²₁ is the proportion of the between person variable in rate of change explained by the model.

p ≤ .05;

^**

p ≤ .01;

^***

p ≤ .001.