TABLE 1.
Selected demographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics of population-based prostate cancer cases and controls, King County, Washington, 2002–2005
| Characteristic | Cases (n = 1,001) |
Controls (n = 942) |
OR*† | 95% CI* | ||
| No.‡ | % | No.‡ | % | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 35–49 | 93 | 9.3 | 96 | 10.2 | ||
| 50–54 | 108 | 10.8 | 113 | 12.0 | ||
| 55–59 | 184 | 18.4 | 174 | 18.5 | ||
| 60–64 | 218 | 21.8 | 187 | 19.9 | ||
| 65–69 | 210 | 21.0 | 202 | 21.4 | ||
| 70–74 | 188 | 18.8 | 170 | 18.0 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Caucasian | 843 | 84.2 | 844 | 89.6 | 1.00 | |
| African American | 158 | 15.8 | 98 | 10.4 | 1.68 | 1.28, 2.21 |
| First-degree family history of prostate cancer | ||||||
| No | 775 | 77.4 | 833 | 88.4 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 226 | 22.6 | 109 | 11.6 | 2.24 | 1.75, 2.87 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <25 | 287 | 28.7 | 259 | 27.5 | 1.00 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 492 | 49.2 | 444 | 47.1 | 1.00 | 0.81, 1.24 |
| ≥30 | 222 | 22.2 | 239 | 25.4 | 0.84 | 0.66, 1.08 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Nonsmoker | 428 | 42.8 | 429 | 45.6 | 1.00 | |
| Former smoker | 462 | 46.2 | 394 | 41.9 | 0.95 | 0.71, 1.27 |
| Current smoker | 111 | 11.1 | 118 | 12.5 | 1.16 | 0.96, 1.40 |
| Lifetime alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | ||||||
| Nondrinker or <1 | 222 | 22.2 | 234 | 24.8 | 1.00 | |
| Low (1–7) | 354 | 35.4 | 316 | 33.5 | 1.18 | 0.93, 1.50 |
| Moderate (8–14) | 222 | 22.2 | 205 | 21.8 | 1.15 | 0.88, 1.49 |
| High (≥15) | 203 | 20.3 | 187 | 19.9 | 1.16 | 0.88, 1.52 |
| Recent exercise (times/week) | ||||||
| None | 262 | 26.2 | 246 | 26.1 | 1.00 | |
| 1–2 | 315 | 31.5 | 283 | 30.0 | 1.06 | 0.84, 1.35 |
| 3–4 | 251 | 25.1 | 244 | 25.9 | 0.98 | 0.76, 1.26 |
| ≥5 | 172 | 17.2 | 168 | 17.9 | 0.96 | 0.73, 1.26 |
| Education | ||||||
| High school or less | 196 | 19.6 | 181 | 19.2 | 1.00 | |
| Some college | 241 | 24.1 | 210 | 22.3 | 1.08 | 0.82, 1.42 |
| College degree | 262 | 26.2 | 261 | 27.7 | 0.95 | 0.72, 1.24 |
| Graduate degree | 301 | 30.1 | 289 | 30.7 | 0.98 | 0.75, 1.27 |
| Prostate cancer screening§ | ||||||
| None | 133 | 13.3 | 136 | 14.4 | 1.00 | |
| Digital rectal examination only | 159 | 15.9 | 263 | 27.9 | 0.62 | 0.45, 0.84 |
| PSA* | 709 | 70.8 | 543 | 57.6 | 1.34 | 1.02, 1.75 |
| NSAIDs* use | ||||||
| None | 792 | 79.1 | 746 | 79.1 | 1.00 | |
| Former use | 78 | 7.8 | 70 | 7.4 | 1.07 | 0.76, 1.51 |
| Current use | 131 | 13.1 | 126 | 13.4 | 0.98 | 0.75, 1.28 |
| CYP3A4 (rs2740574) genotype | ||||||
| AA | 665 | 82.4 | 663 | 85.3 | 1.00¶ | |
| AG | 100 | 12.4 | 94 | 12.1 | 0.83 | 0.58, 1.19 |
| GG | 42 | 5.2 | 20 | 2.6 | 1.19 | 0.59, 2.43 |
| CYP3A5 (rs776746) genotype | ||||||
| GG | 624 | 76.2 | 623 | 79.5 | 1.00¶ | |
| GA | 143 | 17.5 | 134 | 17.1 | 0.95 | 0.71, 1.26 |
| AA | 52 | 6.3 | 27 | 3.4 | 1.17 | 0.62, 2.21 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
| No | 572 | 57.1 | 556 | 59.0 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 425 | 42.5 | 380 | 40.3 | 1.07 | 0.89, 1.29 |
| Gleason score | ||||||
| 2–6 | 525 | 52.4 | ||||
| 7 (3 + 4) | 294 | 29.4 | ||||
| 7 (4 + 3) | 78 | 7.8 | ||||
| 8–10 | 99 | 9.9 | ||||
| Unknown | 5 | 0.5 | ||||
| Stage of cancer | ||||||
| Local | 818 | 81.7 | ||||
| Regional | 159 | 15.9 | ||||
| Distant | 22 | 2.2 | ||||
| Unknown | 2 | 0.2 | ||||
| PSA value (ng/ml) at diagnosis | ||||||
| <4.0 | 134 | 13.4 | ||||
| 4.0–9.9 | 592 | 59.1 | ||||
| 10.0–19.9 | 143 | 14.3 | ||||
| ≥20.0 | 69 | 6.9 | ||||
| Unknown | 63 | 6.3 | ||||
| Prostate cancer aggressiveness# | ||||||
| Less aggressive | 686 | 68.5 | ||||
| More aggressive | 315 | 31.5 | ||||
*
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
†
Adjusted for age.
‡
Numbers may not add to total because of missing data.
§
Prostate cancer screening within the 5-year period before the reference date.
¶
Adjusted for age and race.
#
More aggressive: Gleason score 7 (4 + 3) or 8–10 or regional or distant stage or a diagnostic PSA ≥20 ng/ml; less aggressive: Gleason score 2–6 or 7 (3 + 4) and localized stage and a diagnostic PSA <20 ng/ml.