Table 3.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms (CES-D8 ≥3) in Persons with COPD ( = 1,736)
| Predictor | CES-D8 ≥3 | Prediction of depressive symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of depressive symptoms (CES-D8 ≥3) among those with COPD () (%)a | Adjusted ORb (95% CI)c | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 267 (35.9%) | 1.00 |
| Female | 434 (43.7%) | 1.21 (1.09,1.34)* |
| Age (years) per year younger | 1.02 (1.02,1.03)* | |
| Education | ||
| High school degree or equivalent | 455 (36.3%) | 1.00 |
| No high school degree or equivalent | 246 (50.9%) | 1.63 (1.46,1.82)* |
| Does not smoke | 458 (37.2%) | 1.00 |
| Currently smokes | 243 (48.2%) | 1.46 (1.29, 1.66)* |
| Body mass index (kg/meter) | ||
| BMI < 19 | 49 (55.3%) | 1.38 (1.05, 1.83) |
| 19 ≤ BMI ≤ 35 | 525 (37.0%) | 1.00 |
| BMI > 35 | 127 (55.5%) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.19) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 342 (35.9%) | 1.00 |
| Separated/Divorced | 157 (50.8%) | 1.82 (1.59, 2.09)* |
| Widowed | 180 (44.2%) | 1.78 (1.57, 2.02)* |
| Never married | 22 (33.4%) | 1.42 (1.1, 1.83)* |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 593 (38.8%) | 1.00 |
| African American | 75 (52.4%) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) |
| Other | 33 (52.5%) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.75)* |
| Respiratory symptoms | ||
| No respiratory symptoms | 94 (19.6%) | 1.00 |
| Difficulty walking | 531 (53.7%) | 2.82 (2.52, 3.16)* |
| Experiences dyspnea | 516 (51.3%) | 2.32 (2.05, 2.62)* |
| Co-morbid conditions | ||
| No co-morbidities | 43 (36.5%) | 1.00 |
| Stroke | 122 (49.0%) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) |
| Diabetes | 182 (48.4%) | 1.21 (1.07, 1.37)* |
| Coronary heart disease | 338 (47.6%) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) |
| Arthritis | 574 (44.2%) | 1.31 (1.18, 1.46)* |
| Cancer | 148 (42.9%) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.35)* |
| Congestive heart failure | 99 (57.0%) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.22) |
| Hypertension | 472 (43.6%) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26) |
*p < 0.05 after accounting for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate
aPercentages are based upon weighted imputed values
bAdjusted for all variables in Table 3
cCIs are unadjusted for multiple comparisons