Mouse phenotypes with brain or hypothalamic IKKβ manipulations. A. Immunostaining using anti-Flag antibody for the hypothalamic sections from mice that received intra-MBH injections of Flag-IKKβCA lentivirus and the control lentivirus. Bar = 50 µm. B & C. HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice received intra-MBH injections of a lentivirus in which the synapsin (Syn, S) promoter was employed to direct the neuronal expression of IKKβCA, IKKβDN, and control GFP. Weight gain (B) and food intake (C) were followed after the mice recovered from injections and surgeries. (n = 4–6 per group, *p<0.05). D. Immunostaining of IKKβ in the hypothalamus of Nestin/IKKβlox/lox mice vs. the control IKKβlox/lox mice. Lower panels: the IKKβ staining (green) was merged with the nuclear staining of the MBH cells (blue) by DAPI. Bar = 50 µm. E & F. Body weight (E) and daily food intake (F) were measured for HFD-fed Nestin-IKKβlox/lox mice vs. littermate IKKβlox/lox mice. (n = 5–6 per group, *p<0.05). G & H. Body weight gain (G) and HFD intake (H) were measured in IKKβlox/lox mice that received MBH injections of Cre- or GFP-adenovirus (n = 11–13 per group, *p<0.05).